[Management and prevention of cow's milk protein allergy: Contribution of community pharmacists]. / Prise en charge et prévention de l'allergie au lait de vache : contribution du pharmacien d'officine.

Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is a public health issue in children whose quality of life is strongly affected. The objective of this article is to review the present state of knowledge on the CMPA, and highlight some emerging alternatives in its management and in its prevention. Good knowledge in the appropriate infant formula, exclusion diets, the handling of the emergency treatment thanks to the use of epinephrine auto-injector pens, the use of personalized care project and accessibility to allergic patients' association are factors that secure the management. Breastfeeding and appropriate dietary diversification are for their part major preventive measures. The use of probiotics and desensitization immunotherapy are interesting emerging tracks. The role of community pharmacists in all these steps is discussed. It is indeed a nearby health professional involved both in improving prevention and in the optimization of the management. Its educational posture is crucial in assisting patients to help them better understand the CMPA and its treatment; as part of its new tasks, he can be integrated into therapeutic education programs to help allergic children and their families in a multidisciplinary context to better manage their daily life.

[Pseudomonas aeruginosa and cystic fibrosis: first colonization to chronic infection]. / Pseudomonas aeruginosa et mucoviscidose: "de la primocolonisation a l'infection chronique".

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) is the most common virulent respiratory pathogen in cystic fibrosis and is characterized by an important capacity of adaptation, adherence and communication. The factors of virulence of Pa play a major part in adherence with the respiratory epithelial cells and in occurrence of infectious episodes. The factors responsible for the transition of first Pa acquisition to the chronic infection are not elucidated yet. The system of secretion of type III and the quorum sensing (QS) play an important role. The QS would intervene in the maturation of the biofilm of Pa, responsible for the "mucoid" phenotype of Pa, associated to a degradation of the respiratory function. We made a retrospective study on the period 1984-2005 within the Center of Cystic fibrosis of Caen allow to determine the percentage of firstly-colonized and chronic infected patients with Pa according to age. At 6 months of life, 11% of the infants were colonized with Pa reaching 48% to 7 years and 85% at the 18 years age. The percentage of chronic children carrying Pa was 0% at 1 year, 11% at 4 years, 44% at 12 years and 74% at 18 years according to the method of Kaplan-Meier. Comparing the period 1984-1994 with that of 1995-2005, the firstly-colonization and the chronic carrying of Pa occurred earlier and significantly during the second period. The current objective, beside the respiratory care, comprises the maintenance of an optimal nutritional statute and, waiting for an effective vaccine, the development of new therapeutic targets in order to attenuate the virulence of the stocks of Pa and as much as possible to delay the age of firstly-colonization and the age of chronic colonization with mucoid Pa.

Characterization of emissions during the heating of tyre contaminated scrap.

In order to characterize the compounds (type and quantities) emitted during melting of organic contaminated scrap and to investigate the mechanism of their formation, an experimental set-up has been designed and built to study precisely the influence of temperature and gas atmosphere in the conditions of an electric arc furnace. These experiments lead to the determination of mass balances (C, H, O, S) and to the quantification of unburnt compounds (tars, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX), polyaromatic compounds (PAHs)). Degradation conditions (gas atmosphere and temperature) corresponding to different areas in the electric furnace have also been investigated. Such experiments lead to a better understanding of degradation mechanisms; this interpretation is not possible from investigations performed in an industrial furnace since there are many uncontrolled parameters (large dispersion of the results).

[Malignant tumors in the relatives of stomach cancer patients]. / Zlokachestvennye opukholi u rodstvennikov bol'nykh rakom zheludka.

The author has studied the predisposition to gastric cancer in familiar probands of russian nationality suffering cancer of the stomach. An analysis of the gastric-cancer incidence among the groups of individuals of different degree of kinship of male and female probands indicates their various predisposition only to cancer of the stomach. Most frequently the affection was noted in the blood relations of female probands (mothers, sisters, and daughters). In this group familial gastric cancer was 5.2 times as frequent as the expected value. Familial gastric cancer among the male blood relations of these probands was no more frequent than among the whole population of russian nationality. Males and females--the blood relations of male probands were affected by gastric cancer approximately twice as frequently as the control subjects. The investigation conducted has shown that distant relations (2d and 3d degree of kinship) of all probands were affected by this kind of cancer at the average population level. Also, all kin groups did not show any high risk for other cancer forms.