[Biologocally active peptides in metabolism regulation. Peptons, peptides, amino acids, fatty acids, lipoproteins, lipids, and the effect of nutriceuticals.]

According to phylogenetic theory of general pathology, formation of multicellular organisms started when each cell (a unicellular organism) reached the first level of relative biological perfection. By that time the stimuli for perfection of the unicellular exhausted, and formation of the multicellular became a biological necessity. All cells, being associated, formed the second level of relative biological perfection within the principle of biological succession. The association included highly organized unicellular organisms with their specific autocrine biological functions and reactions. At the second level of relative biological perfection all humoral mediators in paracrine regulated cell communities (PC) and organs were predominantly hydrophilic and short living. They had a small molecular weight and were probably biologically active peptides (BAP). We believe that functional difference of PC and later of organs is based on differentiation of lysosomal function and production of various enzymes involved in proteolysis of dietary proteins. This allowed various PC and organs to form chemically and functionally different BAP pools from one protein upon proteolysis. Individual peptide pools in PC created the basis for morphologically and functionally different cells and organs. Cell that produces peptides can modify their concentration, chemical parameters and ratios by varying the selectivity of its proteases. In vivo regulation of metabolism by BAP has a common root in bacteria, plants and vertebrates, including Homo sapiens. The third level of relative biological perfection in the organism has formed in close association with cognitive biological function.

[The becoming of reactions of lipolysis in phylogenesis. The palmitic and oleic triglycerides as substrates. Insulin, condition of normolipemia and formation of hyper lipoproteinemia type IIb, IV and V].

According to phylogenetic theory of general pathology, when living in ocean all were carnivorous (piscivorous) fatty acids transferring to cells in form of non-polar triglycerides nitially began apoB-48 chylomicrons, continued lipoproteins of very low and low density and fnalized its apoB-100 endocytosis. The fatty acids are transferred by chylomicrons + lipoproteins of very low density + lipoproteins of low density and non-polar triglycerides are hydrolyzed by hepatic glycerolhydrogenase and co-enzyme apoC-III; according WHO classifcation, hyperlipoproteinemia corresponds to type V. On land, in herbivorous who are not yet synthesized insulin, apoB-48 and chylomicrons left process of non-polar triglycerides transferring. In lipoproteins of very low density and lipoproteins of low density, the carnivorous transfer exogenous palmitic non-polar triglycerides. The herbivorous also transfer palmitic non-polar triglycerides though synthesized by hepatocytes from glucose endogenically. In herbivorous, transferring of palmitic non-polar triglycerides prior to synthesis of insulin is forming apoB-100 in composition of lipoproteins of very low density and lipoproteins of low density. The hydrolysis of palmitic non-polar triglycerides in lipoproteins of very low density is activated by hepatic glycerol hydrogenase and apoC-III; cells absorb lipoproteins of low density by means of apoB-100 endocytosis. The content on lipoproteins in blood plasma under electrophoresis of lipoproteins corresponds to hepatic glycerol hydrogenase type IIb. In frst and second types of fatty acids transferring in form of triglycerides to lipoproteins of very low density + lipoproteins of low density predominate palmitic fatty acid, triglycerides of the same name and palmitic metabolism of fatty acids in vivo. The insulin initiated the third type of transferring of oleic fatty acid by now to insulin-depended cells only in oleic lipoproteins of very low density; hydrolysis of oleic triglycerides is activated by late in phylogenesis post-heparin hepatic glycerol hydrogenase and apoC-II cofactor. The dynamic apoE is actively bound by apoB-100 forming apoE/B-100 ligand. At later stages of phylogenesis insulin formed fatty acids transferring in form of oleic triglycerides in lipoproteins of very low density of the same name without forming of oleic lipoproteins of low density; the electrophoregram of lipoproteins reflects absence of hepatic glycerol hydrogenase. In phylogenesis three types of fatty acids transferring to triglycerides in composition of lipoproteins formed sequentially: 1) chylomicrons + lipoproteins of very low and density + lipoproteins of low density; 2) lipoproteins of very low density + lipoproteins of low density; 3) only in lipoproteins of very low density. The frst one is specifc to piscivorous (carnivorous) while living in ocean. The second one is implemented by herbivorous while they didn't begin to synthesize insulin and hepatocytes not yet transform all endogenous palmitic fatty acid into oleic fatty acid. Insulin initiated: a) transferring of oleic fatty acids to lipoproteins of very low density without forming oleic lipoproteins of low density; b) highly effective oleic metabolism of fatty acids in vivo: c) becoming of biological function of locomotion. The aphysiological induction by substrate, surplus of palmitic fatty acids in food initiate negative alterations in composition of lipoproteins in opposite direction than in case of phylogenesis. When homo sapiens, herbivorous in phylogenesis, begins to misuse carnivorous (meat) food then instead of normolipoproteinemia in blood plasma under electrophoresis of lipoproteins one can initially detect transitory hyperlipoproteinemia type IV and then prolonged hyperlipoproteinemia type IIb. If patient factually passes on to carnivorous diet then hyperlipoproteinemia type V is developing. If content of exogenous palmitic fatty acid in food surpasses physiological capacities of its transferring in oleic triglycerides as palmitoyl-oleyl-palmitate glycerol, palmitic triglycerides as oleyl-palmitoyl-palmitate glycerol begin to form and epigenetically aphysiological non-ligand palmitic lipoproteins of very low density → lipoproteins of low density are formed. Their circulation in blood is a cause of hypertriglyceridemia, higher level of cholesterol-lipoproteins of low density, compensatory increasing of apoC-III. Then occurs induced by substrate formation of hyperlipoproteinemia initially of type IV, then of type IIb and fnally of type V. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and atheromotosis is activated when homo sapiens, herbivorous in phylogenesis, begin to misuse carnivorous food affecting biological functions of trophology, reaction of exotrophy (external nutrition), function of homeostasis, endoecology and function of adaptation. The formation of palmitic metabolism if fatty acids instead of oleic one is a cause of chronic defciency of energy and ATP synthesis in vivo. Insulin activates absorption of glucose by cells with purpose to use it for synthesis of oleic fatty acids. In the frst place, insulin regulates in vivo metabolism of fatty acids and only in second place metabolism of glucose.

[The person in philogenesis is not (omnivores), but the herbivores with the carnivores past and the fuzzy future. Biological function of trophology (nutrition) in ontogenesis.]

According to the phylogenetic theory of general pathology, seven biological functions have been formed over billions of years. 1. biological function of trophology, nutrition; 2. homeostasis function; 3. biological function of endoecology; 4. function of adaptation; 5. function of the continuation of the species; 6. function of locomotion and 7. cognitive biological function, including intelligence. Millions of years in life consistently in the waters of several oceans, all the ancestors of man were carnivorous (Carnivores), fish-eating mammals. When the ocean retreated and the carnivorous (fish-eating) were on land, each individual privatized a "piece" of the ocean. Animals transformed it ito a pool of intercellular medium in vivo. The biological role of the late in the phylogeny of insulin is the formation of new biological functions in vivo. The action of insulin has transformed the carnivorous (fish-eating) ocean into herbivorous (Herbivores) species on land. There was it by synthesis in vivo from exogenous glucose of fatty acids (FA). Regulatory action of insulin was the directed conversion of exogenous glucose into ω-6 C18: 1 cis-oleic FA. Insulin late in phylogeny expressed the synthesis of new, conjugated enzymes: it is palmitoyl-CoA-elongase and stearyl-CoAdesaturase. Two enzymes synthesized FAs along the way: synthesized in situ de novo, from exogenous glucose, C16: 0 palmitic acid → C18: 0 stearic acid → ω-6 C18: 1 cis-oleic acid without accumulation of stearic FA. Insulin is not converted into an oleic FA exogenous palmitic acid from carnivorous food. On land, the action of insulin transformed the species Homo sapiens, into a herbivore, but with carnivorous, fish-eating, past. The idea of a person as omnivorous (Omnivor) - nonsense; such forms of nature did not form. Violation of the function of nutrition, the biological reaction of exotrophy (external nutrition), is the etiological and pathogenetic basis of the seven metabolic pandemics, the diseases of civilization. 1. Atherosclerosis and atheromatosis; 2. metabolic arterial hypertension; 3. metabolic syndrome; 4. obesity; 5. syndrome of insulin resistance; 6. non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and 7. endogenous hyperuricemia. The primary prevention of metabolic pandemics in the biological function of nutrition, in the biological reactions of exo-and endotrophy, will allow us to understand the theoretical bases and implementation of preventive actions that will determine the characteristics of nutrition in the future.

[Preparation of samples for gas-chromatographic determination of fatty acids: direct transesterification of lipids of dry biological sample is preferred in comparison with the methods employing preliminary lipid extraction.]

Different methods of sample preparation and derivatization were compared from the point of view of product yield, speed and convenience of the technique used. Fatty acid determination in absolutely dry objects (biochemical preparations, food protein isolates, lyophilized microbial biomass) may be performed easily with the use of Folch method provided that 4-component system "chloroform/ methanol/water/acetic acid" was employed. Nevertheless, we ould not find any real advantages of classical Folch or Hara-Radin extraction method variants when compared to simple non-extraction technique (which consists in direct trans-esterification of dried biomaterial due to sequential sample treating with sodium methoxide and boron trifluoride methanolic solutions). The letter method, being completely universal, provides considerable increase of fatty esters yield, sample preparation is noticeably simplified and accelerated (becoming much more economical). It's "dry blood spot" variant (using cellulose or, preferably, fluoroplast filter paper disks) seems to be extremely convenient for laboratory routine analysis of liquid biological samples, allowing to exclude not only their liquid-liquid extraction but also the stage of vacuum drying. Unlike the methods of Folch and Hara-Radin, the non-extraction method does not necessarily require the homogenization of the biological material, that is, it's grinding to fragments of micron size. Direct derivatization method provides noticeably better parameters of fatty acids yield even for relatively large particles - 0.2-1.0 mm - of the test material (in comparison with those parameters observed upon extraction of micron size homogenizates by the Folch method in its most advanced modifications).

[The perspective fluoroplastic porous carrier for conservation and transfer of samples of blood plasma: application of "dry drop" technique with the purpose of detection of individual fatty acids.]

It is proposed for preserving samples of biological fluids (blood plasma first of all) and mailing them to analytical laboratory to significantly modify a well-known technique of "dried blood spot" (DBS) at the expense of application of home-made fluoroplastic filtering material type MFFK-G as a porous carrier of fluid biological sample. The synthetic material contains no chemically active molecular fragments and it has four times greater water capacity than filter and chromatographic paper. Thus, fluoroplastic porous disc of mass of 15 mg is suitable to carrying of 70-100 mkl (instead of 15-20 mkl) of fluid. The preliminary impregnation of such a disc with solution of antioxidant - 0.5% - 0.9% 2,6-di-tret-butyl-4-methyl phenol in chloroform - permits to strongly increase stability of higher poly-saturated fatty acids in applied of dry plasma sample or erythrocytic mass on the disc. In that case, time of storage of ready-made disc with dry sample under room temperature increases up to 35-40 days and time of storage in freezer - from 50-60 days to half a year and longer. The storage of dry samples in airtight bottles of vials air-blown with technical propanebutane, also increases time of storage of samples approximately on a degree. This method permits to qualitatively determine content of individual fatty acids in the fraction of etherized and non-etherized fatty acids and also total and free cholesterol in samples of biological fluids.

[The physical chemical and biological features of triglycerides. The cell absorption of functionally different palmitic+oleic lipoproteins of very low and density and linoleic+linolenic lipoproteins of low density.]

The earlier insulin-independent low-density lipoproteins and more late insulin-dependent very low-density lipoproteins implement different functions at the stages of phylogenesis. The disorder of biological function of trophology, alteration of fatty acids in triglycerides, prevalence of palmitic very low-density lipoproteins over oleic very low-density lipoproteins supply mitochondria of cells with non-optimal substrate - palmitic saturated fatty acid for gaining energy, ATP synthesis. Physiologically, cells implement oleic alternative of fatty acids metabolism, oxidizing mainly ω-9 endogenous oleic mono-unsaturated fatty acid. The pathology of low density lipoproteins is primary deficiency of poly-unsaturated fatty acids in cells, atherosclerosis and atheromotosis of intima of arteries of elastic type with development of dense plaques from poly-unsaturated fatty acids in the form of polyethers of cholesterol. The pathology of very low-density lipoproteins includes: a) syndrome of resistance to insulin; b) pathology of phylogenetically earlier insulin-independent visceral fatty tissue - metabolic syndrome; c) pathology of phylogenetically later insulin-dependent subcutaneous adipocytes - obesity; d) secondary atherosclerosis, under cumulation of palmitic low-density lipoproteins in blood with development of atherothrombosis of intima of arteries, soft plaques rich with triglycerides. As for the prevention of disorders of transfer of fatty acids to very low-density lipoproteins and low-density lipoproteins is common in many ways - minimization of aphysiological effect of surplus amount of food, biological function of diet. The prevention at the level of population includes: a) maximal limitation of content of palmitic saturated fatty acid in food; b) moderate increasing of polysaturated fatty acids, ω-3 poly-saturated fatty acids predominantly; c) increasing of physical activity. The pharmaceuticals are not provided by biology in primary prevention of metabolic pandemics under aphysiological impact of environment factors.

[The individual fatty acids of blood plasma: biological role of substrates, parameters of quantity and quality, diagnostic of atherosclerosis and atheromotosis.]

The atherosclerosis and atheromotosis are supposed to be, according to phylogenetic theory of general pathology, two etiologically different aphysiological processes, unified by community of pathogenesis. The atherosclerosis is a derangement of biological function of trophology (feeding), biological reaction of exotrophy (external feeding) and biological function of adaptation, biological reaction of compensation in response to deficiency of ῳ-3 and ῳ-6 polyenoic fatty acids. In case of deficiency of polyenoic fatty acids in cells and during synthesis of eicosanoids of group I from unsaturated endogenous ῳ-6 С20: 3 digomo-γ-linoleic unsaturated fatty acid, atherosclerosis is developed, a complex metabolism disorder in vivo. The atheromotosis is a derangement of biological function of endoecology, biological reactions of inflammation and inherent immunity. This incomplete utilization in intima of arteries of non-ligand palmitic lipoproteins of very low → low density under effect not of polyfunctional resident macrophage but monocytes of hematogenic origin without expression of acid hydrolase of polyenoic ethers of cholesterol. In intima, in area of cumulation of endogenous phlogogens (initiator of inflammation) from the pool of intra-vascular medium, polyenoic unsaturated fatty acids are cumulated that were not absorbed by cells in structure of ligand low density palmitic lipoproteins using apoB-100- endocytosis. The pathogenic factor of atherosclerosis - derangement of biological function of trophology. biological function of exotrophy under alimentary deficiency of in vivo of ῳ-3 and ῳ-6 polyenoic fatty acids with physiological parameters of feeding. The pathogenic factor of atheromotosis - phylogenetically herbivorous (carnivorous) human misusing of animal (meat) food, palmitic unsaturated fatty acids, development by hepatocytes of a large number of palmitic triglycerides and lipoproteins of very low density of the same name. The late in phylogenesis insulin-dependent lipoproteins of very low density transfer palmitic lipoproteins of very low density to cells slowly. The cells absorb them also slowly. The cumulation of non-ligand palmitic lipoproteins of very low density → low density in blood competitively blocks physiological absorption of polyenoic unsaturated fatty acids by cells in structure of physiological palmitic lipoproteins of low density. The atherosclerosis occurs blood flow and atheromotosis in intima of arteries of elastic type.

Effect of Audiogenic Seizures on the Dynamics of Fatty Acid Composition of Hippocampal Dental Gyrus in Krushinsky-Molodkina Rats.

Changes in the fatty acid composition of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in Krushinsky-Molodkina rats with hereditary predisposition to audiogenic seizures were studied in 1, 3, and 14 days after 1 or 5 seizures. Seizure activity changed the content of saturated and monounsaturated as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids at different terms after seizures. After seizures, the content of individual fatty acids changed in different directions. Similar shifts after 1 and 5 seizures were observed only for eicosapentaenoic acid at all observation terms. More pronounced changes in fatty acid composition were observed after 5 seizures. These results can be useful for the development of new approaches to correction of seizure activity.

[The positional specificity of individual triglycerides-substrates for lipase action. The oleic triglycerides of palm oil, palmitic triglycerides of milk, ions of calcium and magnesium.]

The counter-insulin effect of surplus of palmitic fatty acid in food is implemented under: a) formation in vivo of palmitic type of fatty acids metabolism with deficiency of substrate for ATP synthesis and permanent shortage of energy for accomplishment of biologic functions; b) compensatory activation of biologic function of adaptation, biologic reaction of compensation. The activation with catecholamines in visceral fatty cells of gland the hormone-dependent lipase which is not blocking insulin, increases content of unesterified fatty acids in blood plasma. Until in blood plasma the level of unesterified fatty acids is increased the cells phylogenetically justified stop absorption of glucose along with development of hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia - insulin resistance syndrome. Thew increasing of content of triglycerides (alcohol glycerin) always increases cholesterol - low density lipoproteins; the highest numbers of cholesterol result in no increasing of triglycerides concentration in blood. All triglycerides of milk positionally are palmitic ones and all triglycerides of palm oil are oleic ones. The surplus of palmitic unesterified fatty acids in small intestine under hydrolysis of oleic triglycerides decreases bio-availability and absorption of ions of Ca++ and Mg++ by enterocytes. This occurrence is absent in case of hydrolysis of palmitic triglycerides of maternal milk in intestine since all released unesterified fatty acids are oleic ones. The position of fatty acids in the composition of triglyc erides is a functional characteristic of substrate under impact of positionally specific lipases in all biologic mediums.

[THE CHANGES IN FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITION IN THE AUDITORY CORTEX OF RATS AFTER A SINGLE AUDIOGENIC SEIZURE].

We found small but statistically significant increase in the number of stable to peroxide oxidation saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in the auditory cortex of KM rats in comparison with control Wistar ones. The levels of fatty acids in the cells of the auditory cortex of KM rats were studied at different times (1 h, 1 day, 3 days and 14 days) after a single audiogenic seizure. The changes in fatty acids composition in auditory cortex of KM rats were found already in time point 1 h after convulsion, the maximal decrease of fatty acids levels was observed at 3 days after convulsion. These data suggest that the fatty acids pool in this time was depleted. Finally, we found the recovery of the better part of fatty acids in the auditory cortex of KM rats to 14 day after convulsion. These results can be used for development of new approaches to eliminate brain damage after seizures.

[Consecutive formation of the functions of high-, low-density and very-low-density lipoproteins during phylogenesis. Unique algorithm of the effects of lipid-lowering drugs].

During phylogenesis, all fatty acids (FA) were initially transported to cells by apoA-I high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in polar lipids. Later, active cellular uptake of saturated, monoenoic and unsaturated FA occurred via triglycerides (TG) in low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Active uptake of polyenoic FA (PUFA) required the following: a) PUFA re-esterified from polar phospholipids into nonpolar cholesteryl polyesters (poly-CLE), b) a novel protein, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), initiated poly-CLE transformation from HDL to LDL. CETP formed blood HDL-CETP-LDL complexes in which poly-CLE spontaneously came from polar lipids of TG in HDL to nonpolar TG in LDL. Then ligand LDLs formed and the cells actively absorbed PUFA via apoB-100 endocytosis. Some animal species (rats, mice, dogs) developed a spontaneous CETP-minus mutation followed by population death from atherosclerosis. However, there was another active CETP-independent uptake formed during phylogenesis; the cells internalized poly-CLE in HDL. Since apoA-I had no domain-ligand, another apoE/A-I ligand formed; the cells began synthesizing apoE/A-1 receptors. In cells of rabbits and primates absorbed cells PUFA consecutively: HDL-->LDL-->apoB-100 endocytosis; those of rats and dogs did HDL directly: HDL-->anoE/A-I endocytosis. In the rabbits, CETP was high, apoE in HDL was low, and the animals were sensitive to exogenous hypercholesterolemia. In the rats, CETP was low and ApoE in HDL-was high, and the animals were resistant to hypercholesterolemia. Reduced bioavailability of PUFA during their consecutive cellular uptake and develdpment of intercellular PUFA deficiency are fundamental to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

[THE EFFECT OF SATINS: ACTIVATION OF LIPOLYSIS AND ABSORPTION BY INSULIN-DEPENDED CELLS LIPOPROTEINS OF VERY LOW DENSITY, INCREASING OF BIO-AVAILABILITY OF POLYENOIC FATTY ACIDS AND DECREASING OF CHOLESTEROL OF LIPOPROTEINS OF LOW DENSITY].

The Russian cardiologic R&D production complex of Minzdrav of Russia, 121552 Moscow, Russia The statins are synthetic xenobiotics alien to animal cells. They are unlikely capable to manifest pleiotropic effect. It is feasible to evaluate effect of statins by stages: a) initially a specific inhibition of synthesis of cholesterol alcohol; b) further indirect activation of hydrolysis of triglycerides in lipoproteins of very low density; c) nonspecific activation of cells' receptor absorption of palmitic and oleic lipoproteins of very low density and then d) linoleic and linolenic lipoproteins of low density with all polyenoic fatty acids. On balance, statins activate absorption ofpolyenoic fatty acids by cells. Just they manifest physiological, specific pleiotropic effect. The statins inhibit synthesis of pool of cholesterol alcohol-lipoproteins of very low density condensed between phosphatidylcholines in polar mono-layer phosphatidylcholines+cholesterol alcohol on surface oftriglycerides. The low permeability of mono-layer separates substrate-triglycerides in lipoproteins of very low density and post-heparin lipoprotein lipase in hydrophilic blood plasma. The higher is ratio cholesterol alcohol/phosphatidylcholines in mono-layer of lipoproteins of very low density the slower is lipolysis, formation of ligand lipoproteins of very low density and their absorption by cells under apoB-100-endocytosis. The statins normalize hyperlipemia by force of a) activation of absorption oflipoproteins of very low density by insulin-depended cells and b) activation of absorption of lipoproteins of low density by all cells, increasing of bio-availability of polyenoic fatty acids, activation of apoB-100-endocytosis. The limitation in food of content of palmitic saturated fatty acid and increasing of content of ω-3 polyenoic fatty acids improve "bio-availability" of polyenoic fatty acids and their absorption by cells and also decreases cholesterol alcohol/phosphatidylcholines and biological pleiotropic effect of essential polyenoic fatty acids. According our opinion, atherosclerosis is intracellular deficiency of polyenoic fatty acids. The value of cholesterol alcohol-lipoproteins of low density is equimolar to content of lipoproteins of low density in blood which under low bio-availability can't to absorb cells byforce of apoB-100-endocytosis.

Changes in fatty acid composition of thymus cells, liver, blood plasma, and muscle tissue in mice with solid Ehrlich carcinoma.

The fatty acid composition of thymus cells, liver, blood plasma, muscle tissue, and tumor focus has been studied in mice with solid Ehrlich carcinoma. The tumor growth in the mice was associated with an increase in the total content of monounsaturated fatty acids in all organs and tissues studied and with a decrease in the total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in all tissues except blood plasma. The tumor tissue was characterized by increased levels of monounsaturated fatty acids in comparison with their levels in organs and tissues of intact animals. In the thymus of tumor-bearing mice, the contents of myristic and palmitic saturated fatty acids, which are associated with activation of the T-cell immunity, were increased. The most expressed and considerable changes in the fatty acid composition during tumor growth were observed in the muscle tissue of the animals. A possible role of changes in the fatty acid composition in the investigated organs and tissues of tumor-bearing mice in the organism's response to tumor growth is discussed.

Dietary supplementation of old rats with hydrogenated peanut oil restores activities of mitochondrial respiratory complexes in skeletal muscles.

The effect of dietary supplementation of old rats (26-33 months) with hydrogenated peanut oil on the activity of mitochondrial enzymes in skeletal muscles has been studied. The activities of NADH-coenzyme Q1 oxidoreductase, cytochrome c oxidase, and citrate synthase were determined spectrophotometrically in muscle homogenates. The activities of respiratory complexes I and IV were shown to significantly decrease with the age compared to the activity of the same enzymes in young animals, while the activity of citrate synthase was virtually unchanged. The fatty acid composition of muscle homogenates of old rats differed from that of young animals by a reduced content of myristic, oleic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acids and enhanced content of dihomo-γ-linolenic, arachidonic, and docosahexaenoic acids. Per oral supplementation of the old rats with hydrogenated peanut oil completely restored the activity of complex IV and increased the activity of complex I to 80% of the value observed in muscles of young animals, reducing the content of stearic, dihomo-γ-linolenic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids relative to that in the groups of old and young rats. The content of oleic and linoleic acids increased relatively to that in the group of the old rats, as well as young animals. The possible mechanisms of the restoration of the activity of the respiratory enzymes under the administration of hydrogenated peanut oil are discussed.