Sex differences in femoral deformity determined using three-dimensional assessment for osteoarthritic knees.

PURPOSE: To characterize femoral deformities and determine sex differences in varus knee osteoarthritis (OA), femoral morphology and limb alignment were evaluated by using three-dimensional (3D) assessment, comparing healthy, elderly volunteers with osteoarthritic knees. METHODS: A total of 178 lower limbs of 169 subjects with knee osteoarthritis (136 women, 33 men; mean age 74.9 ± 5.2 years) and 80 lower limbs of 45 healthy, elderly subjects (24 women, 21 men; mean age 65 ± 4.9 years) were examined. A 3D extremity alignment assessment system was used to examine the subjects under weight-bearing conditions on biplanar long-leg radiographs using a 3D-to-2D image registration technique. The evaluation parameters were (1) femoral bowing in the coronal plane, (2) femoral bowing in the sagittal plane, (3) femoral neck anteversion, (4) hip-knee-ankle angle, and (5) femoral torsion. RESULTS: Higher femoral lateral bowing and slightly higher femoral internal torsion in the proximal diaphysis were observed in women with OA compared with healthy subjects. No difference in the higher varus malalignment, no alteration in the femoral anterior bowing, and no difference in the lower femoral neck anteversion were found between men and women when comparing healthy and OA subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The higher femoral lateral bowing and slightly higher femoral internal torsion in the proximal diaphysis in women are possibly a structural adaptation to mechanical use. The clinical significance is that the femoral deformities and the sex differences in knee OA have the potential to improve the understanding of the aetiology of primary varus knee OA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Association between anteroposterior laxity in mid-range flexion and subjective healing of instability after total knee arthroplasty.

PURPOSE: Flexion instability following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a common indication of early revision. The association between the objective anteroposterior (AP) laxity direction in mid-range flexion and the subjective healing of instability remains unclear; thus, this study aimed to clarify this association. METHODS: In this study, 110 knees (74 females, 92 knees; 16 males, 18 knees) with medial pivot implants were examined with a median age of 79 (range 60-92) years for a median follow-up duration of 22 (range 6-125) months. AP laxity was measured using a KT-1000 arthrometer. Self-reported knee instability score was used for the subjective healing of instability. RESULTS: Eighty-seven knees did not feel unstable (Group 0), whereas 23 knees felt unstable (Group 1). There was a significant difference in AP displacement [Group 0: median 6 mm; range 2-15 mm and Group 1: median 8 mm; range 4-14; p < 0.0001]. The threshold value of 7 mm was determined using the area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.79 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69-0.88, p < 0.0001]. In multivariate analysis, AP displacement of ≥7 mm was an independent risk factor for feelings of instability (odds ratio 7.695; 95% CI 2.306-25.674; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: AP laxity of ≥7 mm represents a known cause of feelings of instability. By controlling AP laxity in TKAs, without stiffness in the knee, it is possible to prevent feelings of instability. The clinical relevance is that AP laxity of <7 mm is one of the target areas in TKA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Endoscopic shelf acetabuloplasty combined with labral repair, cam osteochondroplasty, and capsular plication for treating developmental hip dysplasia.

In addition to the underlying shallow acetabular deformity, a patient with hip dysplasia has a greater risk of development of a labral tear, a cam lesion, and capsular laxity. This combination of abnormalities exacerbates joint instability, ultimately leading to osteoarthritis. Unsurprisingly, only repairing the acetabular labrum remains controversial, and the outcome is unpredictable. In this technical note, with video, we demonstrate an entirely endoscopic approach for simultaneously repairing the most common mechanical abnormalities found in moderate hip dysplasia: labral repair, cam osteochondroplasty, capsular plication, and shelf acetabuloplasty using an autologous iliac bone graft.

Three-dimensional lower extremity alignment in the weight-bearing standing position in healthy elderly subjects.

BACKGROUND: Although assessment of lower extremity alignment is important for the treatment and evaluation of diseases that present with malalignment of the lower extremity, it has generally been performed using only plain radiographs seen in two dimensions (2D). In addition, there is no consensus regarding the criteria for quantitative three-dimensional (3D) evaluation of the relative angle between the femur and tibia. The purpose of this study was to establish assessment methods and criteria for quantitatively evaluating lower extremity alignment in 3D and to obtain reference data from normal elderly subjects. METHODS: The normal alignment of 82 limbs of 45 healthy elderly subjects (24 women, 21 men; mean age 65 years, range 60-81 years) was analyzed in 3D with regard to flexion, adduction-abduction, and rotational angle of the knee in the weight-bearing, standing position. The obtained computed tomography (CT) and biplanar computed radiography (CR) data were used to define several anatomical axes of the femur and tibia as references. RESULTS: In the sagittal plane, the mean extension-flexion angle was significantly more recurvatum in women than in men. In the coronal plane, the mean 3D hip-knee-ankle angle was more varus by several degrees in this Japanese series than that in a Caucasian series reported previously. Regarding rotational alignment, the mean angle between the anteroposterior axis of the tibia and the transepicondylar axis of the femur in this series was slightly larger (externally rotated) than that of previously reported Japanese series examined in the supine position. CONCLUSIONS: These data are believed to represent important references for 3D evaluation of morbid lower extremity alignment in the weight-bearing, standing position and are important for biomechanical research (e.g., 3D analyses of knee kinematics) because the relative angles between the femur and tibia are assessed three-dimensionally.

Automated image registration for assessing three-dimensional alignment of entire lower extremity and implant position using bi-plane radiography.

An automated image-matching technique is presented to assess alignment of the entire lower extremity for normal and implanted knees and the positioning of implants with respect to bone. Sawbone femur and tibia and femoral and tibial components of a total knee arthroplasty system were used. Three spherical markers were attached to each sawbone and each component to define the local coordinate system. Outlines of the three-dimensional (3D) bone models and component computer-aided design (CAD) models were projected onto extracted contours of the femur, tibia, and implants in frontal and oblique X-ray images. Three-dimensional position of each model was recovered by minimizing the difference between the projected outline and the contour. Median values of the absolute error in estimating relative positions were within 0.5mm and 0.6 degrees for the femur with respect to the tibia, 0.5mm and 0.5 degrees for the femoral component with respect to the tibial component, 0.6mm and 0.6 degrees for the femoral component with respect to the femur, and 0.5mm and 0.4 degrees for the tibial component with respect to the tibia, indicating significant improvements when compared to manually obtained results.