[Unresolved issues in the prevention of bronchopulmonary complications in a cardiac surgery patient from the standpoint of a rehabilitation therapist]. / Nereshennye voprosy v profilaktike bronkholegochnykh oslozhnenii u kardiokhirurgicheskogo patsienta s pozitsii reabilitologa.

Bronchopulmonary complications are one of the leading causes of morbidity after cardiac surgery; they lengthen a patient's hospital stay and increase the cost of treatment. The most common postoperative bronchopulmonary complications include pneumonia, atelectasis, respiratory failure, pneumothorax, and bronchospasm. These complications are the consequences of anesthesia and surgical trauma aggravated by the presence of risk factors in the patient in the preoperative period such as any chronic disease involving the lungs, smoking history, persistent cough and / or wheezing, chest and spinal deformities, obesity, senior age. In addition, the presence of chronic heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease also increase the risk of developing bronchopulmonary complications. In the prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary complications the clinical effectiveness of rehabilitation programs after coronary artery bypass grafting is undeniable. The effectiveness of the programs has been proven on the basis of both domestic and foreign long-term in-practice and scientific research. However, despite the significant advances in cardiac rehabilitation there are a number of unresolved issues. Is it possible in a short period of time of the first stationary rehabilitation stage to form the patient's skill to perform breathing exercises and, accordingly, to obtain the maximum effect in the prevention of bronchopulmonary complications? What factors can affect the speed of motor skill formation in the patient's mastering of breathing exercises? What should be the frequency of procedures per day and the number of exercises when a physical therapy instructor works with a patient to increase the effectiveness of the prevention of bronchopulmonary complications in the postoperative period? What category of patients is strictly required for the pre-rehabilitation stage? How should the pre-rehabilitation stage be organized and how long should it take? All these questions require the work-out and implementation of scientifically grounded individual rehabilitation programs with a step-by-step algorithm for managing the patient by a rehabilitation multi-team from the first hours after surgery with the mandatory inclusion of pre-rehabilitation and taking into account the social, anamnestic, clinical and psychological characteristics of the patient.

[Prevalence and intensity of smoking among the patients with ischemic heart disease of older age living in the Far North.]

The article presents an analysis of the prevalence, intensity and correlation of smoking with other risk factors of ischemic heart disease among patients with chronic ischemic heart disease aged 60 years and older living in the Far North on the basis of ethnicity, age and sex. Smoking dependence on age was traced in patients of non-indigenous ethnicity. There was a lower prevalence of smoking among women, as opposed to men and among long-livers in comparison with the elderly and senile age. High intensity and length of smoking were revealed in both ethnic groups of men patients. The average smoking experience of smokers at the time of the survey was more than 50 years, and of former smokers - more than 30 years. The quantity of more than 25 packs per year was established as a high smoking index for both ethnic groups. The high smoking index is 1,5 times more common in patients of non-indigenous ethnicity compared to Yakut group. The highest smoking index was recorded in the group of patients under 75 years. The higher the smoking index is in smoking non-indigenous group, the lower is the cholesterol level of HDL regardless of the place of birth and the length of residence in the Far North. The analysis has revealed the correlation of smoking with other risk factors: blood lipids, arterial pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), abdominal obesity (AO) and the dependence of the suffered myocardial infarction from the smoking experience and the value of smoking index. Smoking cessation leads to a decrease in blood pressure, BMI, and promotes HDL cholesterol.

[Features of ictal and interictal electrical activity in assessment of the epileptogenic zone in children with focal cortical dysplasias]. / Osobennosti iktal'noi i interiktal'noi élektricheskoi aktivnosti v otsenke épileptogennoi zony u detei s fokal'nymi kortikal'nymi displaziiami.

Currently, there is no single standard defining what rhythmic activity should be considered as the area of ictal pattern onset. Differences in electroencephalographic patterns associated with different types of focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs) have not been defined. Aim - we aimed to identify features of the ictal onset pattern on a scalp EEG, depending on the histology, location, and extension of epileptogenic zone, as well as to elucidate the relationship between concordance of the interictal and ictal activity localization and ictal onset pattern types. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied scalp video-EEG monitoring data of 38 FCD patients who underwent surgical treatment for intractable epilepsy in the period between 2010 and 2016. We analyzed the data on interictal and ictal activity localization and compared them with the data on FCD types and lesion location. RESULTS: Two types of the ictal onset pattern on EEG, local and generalized, were identified. The local and generalized types included two and four variants of the ictal onset pattern, respectively. Therefore, 6 combinations of rhythmic activity were identified, which manifested within the first 10 s after the onset of electrographic changes on EEG simultaneously with initial clinical manifestations of seizure. Co-localization of the interictal and ictal activity zones occurred in 42% of cases; of these, 88% of patients had the ictal onset pattern. In the remaining cases (58%), no co-localization of the interictal and ictal activity zones was detected; of these, 76% of patients were assigned to the group with the generalized ictal onset pattern. The local ictal onset pattern was more common in patients with type II FCD, while the generalized ictal onset pattern was more common in patients with type I and type III FCD. No correlation between the ictal onset pattern type and the lesion localization was found. CONCLUSION: We describe two ictal onset pattern types, local and generalized, on EEG in children with FCD. The co-localization of ictal and interictal activity zones prevails in the local ictal onset pattern group. The local ictal onset pattern is often associated with type II FCD. In the case of type I and type III FCD, the generalized ictal onset pattern predominates. There is no clear relationship between the ictal onset pattern type and the lesion location.

Ictal and interictal MEG in pediatric patients with tuberous sclerosis and drug resistant epilepsy.

PURPOSE: Drug resistant epilepsy (DRE) is common in patients with tuberous sclerosis (TS). Interictal MEG has been shown as a valuable instrument in the presurgical workup. The goal of our study was to evaluate the role of ictal MEG in epileptogenic tuber selection, especially in patients with multiple irritative zones. METHODS: The clinical and MEG data of 23 patients with TS and DRE from two medical/research centers were reviewed. Seven pediatric patients, who had seizures during MEG recording and underwent resection or disconnection surgery, were included into the study. Cortical sources of ictal and interictal epileptiform MEG discharges were compared with epileptogenic zone location in six patients with favorable surgery outcome. RESULTS: In patients who improved substantially after surgery all resected and several other tubers demonstrated epileptiform activity on interictal MEG. Ictal MEG provided crucial information about lobar location of the seizure onset zone (SOZ) in two cases, and in the other four it confirmed the SOZ location derived from the interictal data. In one case, ictal MEG findings were unreliable. In one patient, who did not benefit from surgical treatment, the resected tubers did not overlap with interictal and ictal MEG sources. CONCLUSION: The combination of interictal and ictal MEG is a valuable tool for identification of the epileptogenic tuber/tubers in presurgical work-up in patients with TS.

[Efficacy of Home-Based Exercise Training and Adherence to Therapy in Patients After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting].

AIM: to assess efficacy of home-based exercise training (HBET) at outpatient stage of cardiac rehabilitation and its impact on adherence to treatment in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 1 month after CABG 112 male patients (after completion of rehabilitation program in the sanatorium) were distributed to 3 groups with comparable demographic, clinical, and functional parameters: group 1 - patients fulfilling supervised cycling training program (SCTP), group 2 - patients subjected to home-based exercise training (HBET) with defined walking sessions (WS), and the control group of usual care without exercise training. Patients were examined 1, 4 months and 1 year after CABG. RESULTS: Three months SCTP was most efficient relative to improvement of exercise tolerance (ET), modification of cardiovascular risk factors (smoking, obesity, dyslipidemia), and of adherence to medical therapy. Lowest ET and worst adherence to medical and non-medical therapies were found in the group of usual care without exercise training. The intermediate position was occupied by patients subjected to HBET and WS. Effects of 3 months of HBET diminished by 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: HBET of moderate intensity appeared to be safe, easily workable and affordable training program for patients after CABG. However, it was less effective, compared with SCTP. Moreover, effects of this rehabilitation program were transitory.

[The comparative analysis of the influence of the supervised exercise training and home-based exercise training on the psychological status of the following coronary artery bypass grafting].

This article was designed to report the results of the comparative analysis of the influence of the home-based exercise training (HBT) and the supervised exercise training in the form of the controlled training (CVT) under conditions of outpatient rehabilitative treatment on the patients' quality of life (QoL) and psychological status (including manifestations of anxiety and depression) following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). AIM: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the consequences of the application of different programs of physical rehabilitation under the outpatient conditions on the psychoemotional status and quality of life of the patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 114 male patients suffering from coronary artery disease (CAD) who had undergone CABG were available for the examination. All the patients were allocated to three groups. Group 1 was comprised of the patients (n=36) treated with the use of the supervised cycling training (SCT) while group 2 consisted of the patients who had to perform home-based walking training (HBWT) (n=36). The group of comparison included 42 patients. The psychophysiological assessment was carried out based on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Spielberger-Hanin Personal and Reactive Anxiety Scale. The quality of life (QoL) was assessed with the use of the SF-36 questionnaire. All the patients were examined prior to surgery, 1.4 months and 1 year after CABG. RESULTS: The study has demonstrated the most pronounced improvement in the quality of life of the patients following the 3-month supervised cycling training after CABG that was manifested as the decrease of anxiety and depression. The minimal changes in the psychological and emotional status were documented in the absence of any exercise training integrated into the postoperative rehabilitation program. Only the moderate improvement of QoL was observed in the patients treated with the application of the 3-month home-based walking training program after CABG. The positive effects of the three-month exercise training were evened out within 1 year after its initiation. DISCUSSION: It has been shown that the effectiveness of HBT is somewhat lower than that of CVT in terms of the influence on the psychoemotional status of the patients following CABG. This finding is at variance with the results reported by the foreign authors and should provide a basis for the enhancement of the effectiveness of the post-CABG rehabilitation programs to be implemented under conditions of the medical facilities, their principal objective being the education of the patients in safe and efficient methods for the pots-surgical self-rehabilitation with the emphasis placed on the measures intended for the improvement of the approaches to monitoring the compliance of the patients with the prescribed recommendations and for increasing their motivation to observe as long as possible the advices given by the health care professionals. CONCLUSION: The home-based walking training of moderate intensity provides a safe, easy to perform, and readily available tool for a large number of patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting even though it is somewhat less effective than the supervised cycling training. The effects of both rehabilitation modalities are rather short-term.

[Hemispherectomy in the treatment of pediatric symptomatic epilepsy of children]. / Gemisferektomiya v lechenii simptomaticheskoi epilepsii u detei.

INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE: Hemispherectomy is a recognized option in the treatment of symptomatic forms of intractable focal epilepsy in patients with developmental brain malformations and some acquired lesions of one the hemispheres. The prognosis for an outcome of the technique is important in terms of the indications for surgical treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We described the hemispherectomy technique and its variants and analyzed our own experience of surgery in 40 children. The most common (27 cases) brain pathology was extended unilateral cortical dysplasia with polymicro- or pachygyria and consequences of perinatal stroke. Six children had Rasmussen encephalitis; 6 patients had hemimegalencephaly; 1 child with Sturge-Weber syndrome had angiomatosis of the soft meninges. The patients' mean age was 3 years. Functional hemispherectomy (hemispherotomy) was used in most cases (37); 3 patients underwent anatomical hemispherectomy. RESULTS: At the time of discharge, seizures resolved in all patients; later, no seizure recurrence was observed in 25 out of 29 cases with known follow-up (the follow-up median was 2.5 years), which corresponded to class 1 outcomes on the ILAE scale (86%). Serious complications developed in 2 cases; 1 patient died; hydrocephalus and the need for bypass surgery occurred in other 2 children. These results are discussed along with the literature data, and the indications for hemispherectomy are provided. CONCLUSION: Hemispherectomy is a reliable and effective technique for treatment of symptomatic hemispheric forms of epilepsy in children. More than in 80% of patients with congenital or acquired pathology of one of the cerebral hemispheres, its deafferentation or resection leads to persistent elimination of seizures. Children with severe forms of intractable epilepsy should be promptly referred to dedicated centers to address the issue of advisability of surgical treatment.

[Comparison of electrocorticographic patterns with focal cortical dysplasia types in children with epilepsy].

OBJECTIVE: the objective of the study was to determine significant differences in electrocorticographic patterns for various types of focal cortical dysplasias. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 42 patients diagnosed with drug-resistant focal epilepsy were operated on at the Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute in the period from 2006 to 2013. Patients who were histologically diagnosed with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) and underwent video-electroencephalography and electrocorticography were analyzed. RESULTS: The classification of epileptiform patterns proposed by Palmini in 1995 was used. The sporadic epileptiform activity pattern was predominant in electrocorticographic studies. The continued pattern was more frequent in the case of type II focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs), both combined and isolated; burst and sporadic activity patterns prevailed in combinations in the case of type III FCDs. A uniform distribution of all pattern types of the epileptiform activity was observed in type I FCDs. The data are statistically significant for groups with sporadic and continued patterns. CONCLUSION: The continued epileptiform activity pattern is predominant in type II focal cortical dysplasia that corresponds to the most pronounced epileptogenesis processes of brain tissue with the presence of pathological forms of neurons. A uniform pattern distribution is observed for type I FCD. Patterns of the epileptiform activity and sporadic spike bursts are predominant in the case of type III FCDs. The sporadic activity is likely to be non-specific and almost uniformly distributed in all types of cortical dysplasias.

[Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of acute myeloid leukemias in adults according to the data of municipal hematology departments in Moscow].

AIM: To estimate the incidence of acute myeloid leukemias (AML) in Moscow adults and to evaluate the efficiency of their treatment. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Data on Moscow residents who were first diagnosed with AML in 2010 were retrospectively collected. The efficiency of their treatment was evaluated from the rates of complete remissions (CR), recurrences, deaths, and 4-year overall (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS). The data as of September 1, 2013, were analyzed. RESULTS: According to the 2010 pooled materials of the city's municipal hematology departments, AML (non-M3 types) was diagnosed in 286 patients whose median age at diagnosis was 64.9 years (range, 18.2-92.0 years). The notified incidence rate was 2.9 (3.3 for men and 2.6 for women) cases per 100,000 population. 118 (41%) patients received intensive chemotherapy (ICT); 119 (42%) had chemotherapy with low-dose cytarabine (LDC); 7 (2%) had that with hypomethylating agents (HA); and 42 (15%) had palliative therapy (PT). During first-line therapy, none of the patients underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). In the entire group, the early (within the first 60 days) mortality rates were 42% (119 deaths); that of patients with primary refractory disease was 32% (90 deaths). CR was achieved in 77 (27%) patients: 57 (48%) on ICT, 17 (14%) on LDC, and 3 (43%) on HA. Recurrences occurred in 37 (48%) of the 77 patients who had achieved CR at a median follow-up of 43.9 months. Four-year OS in all the patients receiving PT was 9.8±1.9% (18.2±3.9% in the patients on ICT versus 4.5±2% in those of LDC; p=0.028); 4-year RFS was 36.1±5.7% (39.6±6.7% inthe patients on ICT versus 31.3±11 .6% in those on LDC; p=0.8). CONCLUSION: High mortality rates in the induction, which are caused by the limited resources of accompanying therapy, poor sanitary conditions, and no own opportunities to perform allo-HSCT, remain a key problem of AML therapy in adults.

[Metabolic risk factors in patients 60 years and older with arterial hypertension, living in extreme conditions of the Far North].

To evaluate the criteria of metabolic syndrome (MS) in elderly, 505 men aged 60-99 years, with hypertension, indigenous and non-indigenous ethnic group living in the extreme conditions of the Far North were studied. The analysis of anthropometric parameters revealed that height, body weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, the ratio of waist to hip size, waist to growth were significantly lower in the elderly and senile Yakuts compared with those of non-indigenous ethnicity (p<0,001). Ethnic differences were found in SBP and DBP levels (p<0,001). The obtained results suggest that in elderly, old age patients and centenarians living in the Far North, almost all analyzed parameters of the metabolic syndrome were significantly correlated with abdominal obesity (p<0,001).

[The connection of polymorphism I/D of the gene angiotensin-converting ferment and D442G gene of protein-carrier of cholesterol ethers with atherosclerosis risk factors in patients of elderly and senile age with coronary heart disease in the Republic Sakha (Yakutia)].

The authors analyse allocation of genotypes frequencies of polymorphism I/D of the gene of angiotensin-converting ferment (ASYA) and D442G gene of protein-transmitting agent of cholesterol ethers (CETP) in patients of elderly, senile age and long-livers with coronary heart disease taking into account their nationality, age and sex. With the age, the frequency reduction of occurrence of genotype ACE*I/*I has been observed and there is a tendency to increase of genotype frequency ACE*D/*D. Sexual distinctions in frequency of revealing of homozygous genotype ACE*D/*D have been revealed at the relative analysis of genotypes ACE*D/*D and ACE*D/*I. The carriers of genotype ACE*D/*D significantly more are males than females. In the general group (especially in the group of Yakuts), the carriers of genotype ACE*I/*I have demonstrated significantly more often the hypertrophy of myocardium of the left ventricle, which is accurately reflected with the help of ECG sign of Sokolov-Lion. While studying the polymorphism D442G of the gene CETP, the carriers of genotype CETP:D*/*G are significantly more often met among Yakuts, than non-indigenous population. The comparison of genotypes frequencies I/D-polymorphism of the gene ACE have showed reliable distinctions of BBI, indexes of blood lipids. The comparison of genotypes CETP*D/*D, CETP*D/*G has not yielded authentic connection with risk factors of coronary heart disease.

Local epileptic activity, histological and neuroimaging findings in symptomatic epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: This study is aimed at revealing the relationship between local interictal epileptic activity, cytoarchitectural disturbances and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We prospectively investigated a series of 25 patients with symptomatic epilepsy due to isolated forms of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) or hippocampal sclerosis and low-grade tumours associated with FCD, all of whom underwent tailored surgical procedures under intraoperative electrocorticography; we conducted neuropathological examinations of 92 biopsies taken from different places. We examined the relationship between dysplastic changes in the cortex and the absence or presence of seizure patterns (SPs), including regular spikes/sharp waves, recruiting discharges, paroxysmal fast activity and rhythmic delta-theta activity. Comparisons with MRI findings were also performed. RESULTS: Complete removal of the SPs zone was associated with better results of surgical treatment. Areas with isolated architectural abnormalities were associated with SPs significantly more often than those where the cortex contains immature or giant neurons; these areas were associated with SPs more than areas containing dysmorphic neurons. The extent of MRI signs appearance in the neocortex correlated neither with the presence of SPs nor with the types of histological changes. CONCLUSIONS: We suppose an inverse relationship between the morphological changes in neurons and their ability to generate epileptic activity. Electrocorticography may be used for the identification of the MRI-negative epileptogenic lesions.

[Magnetoencephalography in the presurgical evaluation of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy].

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) in combination with structural MRI (magnetic source imaging, MSI) plays an increasingly important role as one of the tools for presurgical evaluation of medically intractable focal epilepsy. The aim of the study was to compare the MSI and commonly used video EEG monitoring method (vEEG) in their sensitivity to interictal epileptic discharges (IED) in 22 patients with drug resistant epilepsy. Furthermore, the detection and localization results obtained by both methods were verified using the data of electrocorticography (ECoG) and postsurgical outcome in 13 patients who underwent invasive EEG monitoring and surgery. The results showed that MSI was superior to vEEC in terms of sensitivity to IED with difference in sensitivity of 22%. The data also suggested that MSI superiority to vEEG in detecting epileptic discharges might, at least partly, arise from better MEG responsiveness to epileptic events coming from the medial, opercular and basal aspects of cortical lobes. MSI localization estimates were in the same cortical lobe and at the same lobar aspects as the epileptic foci detected by ECoG in all patients. Thus, magnetic source imaging can provide critical localization information that is not available when other noninvasive methods, such as vEEG and MRI, are used.

[Survival rate of the geriatric patients of native and non-native nationality with ischemic heart disease in Sakha Republic (Yakutia): analysis of 5-year catamnesis observation].

222 geriatric patients of native and non-native nationality with ischemic heart disease were supervised during 5 years. The analysis of survival rate (causes of death) has shown that 46.4% of patients (n = 103) died within this period of supervision. Results of the research show that the patients of senile age survived after myocardial infarction with Q wave and a high functional class of stable angina pectoris die authentically more often. Better survive rate demonstrate the patients with a smaller stage of heart failure; a tendency of more life expectancies at people who never smoked or have given up smoking has been also established. Besides these risk factors leading to the fatal complications, remodeling of left ventricle myocardium has the essential value. ECG -criteria often testified to presence in the patient the left ventricle hypertrophy: Sokolov-Layon and (especially often) Cornell-voltage Index. Speaking of accompanying diseases, cancer and brain catastrophe are the most frequent causes of death of the geriatric patients.

[The dynamics of detection of antibodies class G against Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia psittaci in blood serum of patients of different age groups].

The detection of antibodies class G in blood serum of patients of different age groups was carried out in 2005-2010. The analysis permitted to establish the peak of activity of chlamydiae infection in 2006 and increase of activity of morbidity in 2010.

[Ethnic features of the risk factors of development the atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease at the geriatric contingent of Sakha Republic (Yakutia)].

The study assessed the ethnic, age, gender distinctions on risk factors between elderly, senile age and long-livers male and female of native and non-indigenous nationalities with ischemic heart disease. 354 patients aged from 60 till 106 years comparable on age and gender data were included in the research. There were 2 basic groups considering the ethnic accessory (native and non-indigenous citizens); 3 groups considering the age characteristics (elderly, senile age and long-livers); gender groups -male and female. As a result of study the ethnic, age, gender differences were revealed on the primary risk factors such as arterial hypertension, blood lipids, body mass index, smoking and left ventricular hypertrophy.

[The estimation of risk factors of the atherosclerosis in persons over 60 years of autochthonal and non-indigenous nationalities with the ischemic heart disease old living in the far north].

The study assessed the ethnic, age, gender distinctions on risk factors between elderly, senile age and long-livers male and female of autochthonal and non-indigenous nationalities with ischemic heart disease. 354 patients aged from 60 till 106 years comparable on age and gender data, had been included in research. There were 2 basic groups considering the ethnic implement (autochthonal and nonindigenous citizens); 3 groups considering the age characteristics (elderly, senile age and long-livers); gender groups - male and female. As a result of study the ethnic, age, gender differences were revealed on the primary risk factors such as arterial hypertension, blood lipids, body mass index, smoking and left ventricular hypertrophy.

[Features of the lipid profile of indigenous and non-indigenous population of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) of the senior age groups with coronary heart disease].

351 patients of the senior age groups (elderly, senile age and long-livers) of indigenous and nonindigenous population with coronary heart disease were investigated. Atherogenous and antiath-erogenous levels of blood lipids in representatives of non-indigenous population were authentically higher in comparison with indigenous one. Body weight index in long-livers is authentically more low 23.34 +/- 2.05 (p < 0.001), and levels of high density lipoproteins, as well as low density lipoproteins, very low density lipoproteins, triacylglycerol in relation to elderly and to persons of senile age are higher. Women demonstrated authentically higher body weight index--26.63 +/- 3.96 (p < 0.05), higher level of cholesterol--5.32 +/- 1.07 mmol/I (p < 0.001), low density lipoproteins--3.76 +/- 1.04 mmol/l (p < 0.001), high density lipoproteins--0.98 +/- 0.33 mmol/l (p < 0.05), and also very low density lipoproteins, triacylglycerol, atherogenic index are higher. Ethnic, gender, age distinctions, levels of blood lipids at patients with coronary heart disease of elderly and senile age, and also the long-livers living in various regions of Sakha Republic (Yakutia) are revealed.

[Diffusion and diffusion-osmosis models of the charged macromolecule transfer in barriers of biosystems].

Mathematical models of the transfer of charged macromolecules have been constructed on the basis of the classical equations of electromigration diffusion of Helmholtz-Smolukhovskii, Goldman, and Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz. It was shown that ion transfer in placental (mimicking lipid-protein barriers) and muscle barriers occurs by different mechanisms. In placental barriers, the electromigration diffusion occurs along lipid-protein channels formed due to the conformational deformation of phospholipid and protein molecules with the coefficients of diffusion D = (2.6-3.6) x 10(-8) cm2/s. The transfer in muscle barriers is due to the migration across charged interfibrillar channels with the negative diffusion activation energy, which is explained by changes in the structure of muscle fibers and expenditures of thermal energy for the extrusion of Cl- from channel walls with the diffusion coefficient D = (6.0-10.0) x 10(-6) cm2/s.