The Guillain-Mollaret triangle: a key player in motor coordination and control with implications for neurological disorders.

The dentato-rubro-olivary pathway, also known as the Guillain-Mollaret triangle (GMT) or myoclonic triangle, consists of the dentate nucleus, the red nucleus, and the inferior olivary nucleus (ION). GMT is important for motor coordination and control, and abnormalities in this network can lead to various neurological disorders. The present study followed a systematic approach in conducting a review on GMT studies. The inclusion criteria were limited to human subjects with primary objectives of characterizing and evaluating GMT syndromes, and the methodology used was not a determining factor for eligibility. The search strategy used MeSH terms and keywords relevant to the study's objective in various databases until August 2022. A total of 76 studies were included in the review after assessing 527 articles for eligibility based on the final inclusion criteria. Most of the studies evaluated the GMT in human subjects, with the majority utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), or combination of them. The review found that Hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD), a common consequence of GMT damage, has diverse underlying causes, including stroke, brainstem cavernous malformations, and structural impairments. Palatal tremor, ocular myoclonus, ataxia, nystagmus, and vertigo were frequently reported symptoms associated with HOD. This systematic review provides comprehensive insights into the association between GMT and various neurological syndromes, shedding light on the diagnostic, etiological, and prognostic aspects of GMT dysfunction. Understanding the role of the GMT and its implications in movement disorders could pave the way for improved treatment options and better management of neurological conditions related to this critical brainstem pathway.

The role of syringic acid as a neuroprotective agent for neurodegenerative disorders and future expectations.

Hundreds of millions of people are influenced by neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), traumatic disorders of the nervous system, dementia, and various neurological disorders. Syringic acid (SA) is a natural phenolic compound that is found in medicinal herbs and dietary plants. The therapeutic potential of SA is due to its anti-oxidative, chemoprotective, anti-angiogenic, anti-glycating, anti-proliferative, anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-endotoxic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-depressant properties. However, in recent studies, its neuroprotective effect has drawn attention. The current review focuses on the neuroprotective bioactivities of SA and putative mechanisms of action. An electronic data search was performed using different search engines, and the relevant articles (with or without meta-analysis) with any language were selected. In the central and peripheral nervous system, SA has been shown a significant role in excitatory neurotransmitters and alleviate behavioral dysfunctions. The consensus of the literature search was that SA treatment may help neurological dysfunction or behavioral impairments management with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, administration and proper dose of SA could be crucial factors for the effective treatment of neurological diseases.

Reappraisal of the types of trigeminal porus and importance in surgical applications.

OBJECTIVE: The detailed information regarding the types of trigeminal porus (TP) and related surgical approach is lacking in the literature. Therefore, we performed this study to elucidate further the types of TP and the relationships with critical surgical landmarks in the skull base. METHODS: The study was performed on 19 formalin-fixed cadavers of the cranial base (52.6% male, n = 10; 47.4% female, n = 9) on both sides. Calculations were made of the vertical dimension (VD), horizontal dimension (HD), and types of TP, the thickness of the TP, the HD and VD of the internal acoustic meatus, the distance between the TP-IAM, the thickness of the ossifying tissue that forms the TP, the trigeminal nerve (CN V) in both types and the distance between the CN V-VI. RESULTS: The elliptical (42.1% left, 36.8% right), oval (52.6% left, 36.8% right) and slit-like (5.3% right) types of TP were detected (X2 = 11.722). The HD of the TP was, on average, 8.02 mm (female) and 9.2 mm (male) on the right side, and 8.26 mm (female) and 8.81 mm (male) on the left side. The VD of the TP was, on average, 1.99 mm (female) and 2.65 mm (male) on the right side, and 2.42 mm (female) and 2.94 mm (male) on the left side. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, ellipse and slit-like types of TP are taken into account in order to plan the surgical approaches to remove or prevent the extension of tumors. A combined surgical technique is recommended to reach the TP easily without damaging the nearby surgical structures during surgery. The oval type of TP allows a wide range of movements, so it is more advantageous in skull base surgery.