Appearing and disappearing acts of cilia.

The past few decades have seen a rise in research on vertebrate cilia and ciliopathy, with interesting collaborations between basic and clinical scientists. This work includes studies on ciliary architecture, composition, evolution, and organelle generation and its biological role. The human body has cells that harbour any of the following four types of cilia: 9+0 motile, 9+0 immotile, 9+2 motile, and 9+2 immotile. Depending on the type, cilia play an important role in cell/fluid movement, mating, sensory perception, and development. Defects in cilia are associated with a wide range of human diseases afflicting the brain, heart, kidneys, respiratory tract, and reproductive system. These are commonly known as ciliopathies and affect millions of people worldwide. Due to their complex genetic etiology, diagnosis and therapy have remained elusive. Although model organisms like Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been a useful source for ciliary research, reports of a fascinating and rewarding translation of this research into mammalian systems, especially humans, are seen. The current review peeks into one of the complex features of this organelle, namely its birth, the common denominators across the formation of both 9+0 and 9+2 ciliary types, the molecules involved in ciliogenesis, and the steps that go towards regulating their assembly and disassembly.

Chylothorax after coronary artery bypass grafting: Is it always early?

BACKGROUND: Chylothorax is a rare complication of cardiothoracic surgical interventions and usually presents early in the postoperative period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present a case of 63 years female who presented with chylothorax 5 months after undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Chylothorax should be considered in patients with recurrent pleural effusions even if the effusions do not have the typical milky appearance. Although chylothorax in most cases will present early in post operative period, it should be remembered that it can present in a delayed manner. Morbidity and health care costs associated with this entity can be remarkably high and therefore it is of great importance to diagnose and treat it.

Management of true lateral infected radicular cyst as well as associated mucosal fenestration that occurred postoperatively through an interdisciplinary approach: A rare case report.

A radicular cyst (RC) is one of the types of inflammatory cyst of odontogenic origin. It is usually associated with nonvital teeth and is mostly observed in males. It is routinely treated by nonsurgical endodontic therapy; however, if the cystic lesion does not respond to endodontic therapy, then surgical intervention with or without regeneration is the treatment of choice, depending upon the size, location of lesion, the bone integrity of the cystic lesion wall, proximity to vital structures and residual bone defect elicit after enucleation, etc., We hereby present successful interdisciplinary management of rare true lateral RC in the interproximal site with respect to teeth number 21 and 22 as well as associated mucosal fenestration that was occurred postoperatively other than its apparent etiology and diagnosis.

Studying the in Silico Effect of Ellagic Acid on HIF-2α to Improve Efficacy of Anticancer Therapy.

The hypoxic tumor microenvironment is one of the major causes of the enhanced chemoresistant and radioresistant behavior of cancer cells. Therefore, the hypoxia-induced factor (HIF) pathway can be endorsed, for not only the malignant phenotype of the cells, but also its metastatic potential. Many drugs targeting the HIF pathways have failed in the clinical setting to demonstrate therapeutic efficacy. Such failures occur due to lack of specificity or redundancy in the complexity of tumor signaling/metabolism that can overcome the inhibitory effects. Another important factor is the letdown of the compound that can be accredited to lack of patient selection in the trials. Although many clinical trials have evaluated the efficacy of anticancer therapeutics and examined their effects on HIF levels, patients were not selected based on their HIF expression levels. If patients do not have elevated levels of HIF, then the therapeutics that target the HIF pathway may be less effective. In the present work, we have targeted HIF-2α of the HIF pathway. Ellagic acid (EA), a well-known anticancer compound and radiosensitizer, is used to inhibit the activity of HIF-2α. Our results show a very unique binding of EA with HIF-2α. Such new agents should be used in combination therapy and will hopefully overcome the resistance that may develop during initial treatment if the patient is identified to have enhanced expression of HIF-2α. Molecular dynamics studies followed solvation free energy calculations (molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area) for understanding the binding stability and per residue contribution. Our in silico data look promising and EA should be studied more in in vitro and in vivo for further analysis of its efficacy.

Effect of intracanal medicaments on push-out bond strength of Smart-Seal system.

AIM: To evaluate the effects of calcium hydroxide (CH), triple and double antibiotic pastes (DAPs) on the bond strength of Smart-Seal obturation, C-points with Endosequence Bio-ceramic (BC) sealer to the root canal dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-four freshly extracted single-rooted human mandibular premolars were de-coronated and prepared using rotary Pro-taper system with full sequence till F3. The specimens were randomly divided into a control group (without intracanal dressing) and 3 experimental groups that received an intracanal dressing with either CH, DAP, or triple antibiotic paste (TAP) (n = 16). The intracanal dressing was removed after 3 weeks by rinsing with 10 mL 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, followed by 10 mL 3% sodium hypochlorite. The root canals were then obturated with C-points and Endosequence BC sealer. A push-out test was used to measure the bond strength between the root canal dentin and the obturating system. The data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and Tukey post-hoc test. RESULTS: The push-out bond strength values were significantly affected by the intracanal medicaments (P < 0.001), but not by the root canal thirds (P > 0.05). In the middle and apical third, the bond strength of the TAP group was higher than those of the CH and DAP groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The DAP and CH did not affect the bond strength of the novel hydrophilic obutrating system. TAP improved the bond strength of Smart-Seal system in the middle and apical thirds.

Fracture resistance of roots obturated with novel hydrophilic obturation systems.

AIM: Comparative assessment of fracture resistance of roots obturated with three hydrophilic systems - novel CPoint system, Resilon/Epiphany system, and EndoSequence BC sealer; and one hydrophobic gold standard gutta-percha/AHPlus system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety freshly extracted, human, single-rooted mandibular premolars were selected. The specimens were decoronated and standardized to a working length of 13 mm. The teeth were randomly divided into six groups (n = 15). In Group A, teeth were left unprepared and unfilled (negative control). Rest of the groups were prepared by using ProTaper system up to a master apical file F3; followed by which Group B was left unobturated (positive control); Group C, novel CPoint System; group D, Resilon/Epiphany system, Group E EndoSequence BC sealer, and Group F gutta-percha and AH Plus. Specimens were stored for 2 weeks at 100% humidity. Each group was then subjected to fracture testing by using a universal testing machine. The force required to fracture each specimen was recorded and the data was analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and Tukey's post-hoc test. RESULTS: The hydrophilic obturation systems have shown to exhibit significantly higher fracture resistance as shown by the values in Groups C, D, and E (P < 0.05) when compared with Group F. Within hydrophilic groups there was significant difference between Group D and Groups C and E (P < 0.05), while Groups C and E had no significant difference (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: In contrast to hydrophobic systems, hydrophilic systems showed higher fracture resistance in a single-rooted premolar.

Sealing ability of three hydrophilic single-cone obturation systems: An in vitro glucose leakage study.

AIM: The aim of this study is to compare the corono-apical sealing ability of three single-cone obturation systems using a glucose leakage model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 90 freshly extracted human maxillary single-rooted teeth was selected, and their crowns were cut. The root canal of each sample was instrumented using a rotary crown down technique and then divided into four experimental (n = 20 each) and two control groups (n = 5 each). Samples in the experimental groups were filled as follows: Group 1, cold lateral condensation using gutta-percha/AH Plus; group 2, single-cone C-points/smart-paste bio-sealer; group 3, single-cone bio-ceramic (BC) impregnated gutta-percha/endo-sequence BC sealer; group 4, single-cone Resilon/RealSeal SE after 7 days, the sealing ability of root canal fillings was tested at different time intervals using glucose leakage model. Glucose leakage values were measured using a spectrophotometer and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The four experimental groups presented significantly different glucose leakage values at all test periods (P < 0.05). At the end of the observation period, the cumulative glucose leakage values of groups 2 and 3 were significantly lower than those of groups 1 and 4 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: C-points/smart-paste Bio and BC impregnated gutta-percha/endo-sequence BC sealer combinations provided the superior sealing ability over the lateral condensation technique.

Sealing ability of a novel hydrophilic vs. conventional hydrophobic obturation systems: A bacterial leakage study.

AIM: Comparative assessment of apical sealing ability of a novel Smart-Seal System, Resilon, and conventional Gutta-Percha system using a bacterial leakage model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy freshly extracted human single rooted teeth with fully formed apices were randomly divided into three groups (20 each) and two control groups (5 positive and 5 negative). Teeth were de-coronated, and roots were standardized to a working length of 16 mm. Root canal preparation was done with rotary pro-taper file system in all groups. Group A was obturated using Smart-Seal system (Hydrophilic), Group B using Resilon/Epiphany system (Hydrophilic), and Group C using Gutta-Percha (GP)/AH plus system (Hydrophobic) in a single cone technique. Using Enterococcus faecalis, a split chamber bacterial leakage model was developed to evaluate the sealing ability of three obturation systems. Samples will be monitored every 24 hours for 60 days. RESULTS: All three groups have shown leakage. Novel Smart-Seal System and Resilon have shown similar results and relatively lesser samples leaked in comparison to GP obturations at the end of the observation period. There was no significant difference amongst Resilon and Smart-Seal System (P > 0.05) but there was a significant difference amongst them when compared to GP obturations (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Hydrophilic obturations of the root canal shows a better resistance to bacterial leakage as compared to hydrophobic obturations.

Effect of advanced irrigation protocols on self-expanding Smart-Seal obturation system: A scanning electron microscopic push-out bond strength study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different final irrigation activation techniques affect the bond strength of self-expanding Smart-Seal obturation at the different thirds of root canal space. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred single-rooted human teeth were prepared using the Pro-Taper system to size F3, and a final irrigation regimen using 3% sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA was performed. The specimens were randomly divided into five groups (n = 20) according to the final irrigation activation technique used as follows: No activation (control), manual dynamic activation (MDA), CanalBrush activation, ultrasonic activation (UA) and EndoActivator. Five specimens from each group were subjected to scanning electron microscopic observation for assessment of the smear layer removal after the final irrigation procedures. All remaining roots were then obturated with Smart-Seal obturation system. A push-out test was used to measure the bond strength between the root canal dentin and Smart-Seal paste. The data obtained from the push-out test were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and Tukey post-hoc tests. CONCLUSIONS: It was observed that UA improved the bond strength of Smart-Seal obturation in the coronal and middle third and MDA/EndoActivator in the apical third of the root canal space.

Comparative evaluation of a novel smart-seal obturating system and its homogeneity of using cone beam computed tomography: In vitro simulated lateral canal study.

AIM: The aim was to evaluate and compare a novel polyamide polymer based obturating system and Gutta-percha and sealer in filling simulated lateral canals and their homogeneity when used for obturating the root canals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 freshly extracted human single rooted teeth with fully formed apices were selected for this study. Teeth were de-coronated, and roots were standardized to a working length of 15 mm. Root canal preparation was carried out with rotary Protaper file system in all groups. The specimens were then randomly divided into three groups A, B, and C (n = 20). Ten samples from each group were decalcified and simulated lateral canals were made at 2, 4, and 6 mm from the root apex. Remaining ten samples from each group were maintained calcified. Group A was obturated with SmartSeal system (Prosmart-DRFP Ltd., Stamford, UK). Group B was obturated with sectional backfill method. Group C was obutrated with cold lateral compaction method (control). Decalcified samples from the respective groups were analyzed with digital radiography and photography and the measurement of the linear extension and area of lateral canal filling was done using UTHSCSA (UTHSCSA Image Tool for Windows version 3.0, San Antonio, TX, USA) software. Calcified samples were subjected to cone beam computed tomography image analysis sectioned axially. RESULTS: Group A 92.46 ± 19.45 showed greatest extent of filling in lateral canals and denser homogeneity of oburation, followed by Group B 78.43 ± 26.45 and Group C 52.12 ± 36.67. CONCLUSIONS: Polyamide polymer obturation proved to have greater efficiency when compared with Gutta-percha system, when used for obturation with regards to adaptation of the sealer and penetration into the simulated lateral canals.