Quantifying Hg within ectomycorrhizal fruiting bodies, from emergence to senescence.

Ectomycorrhizal fruiting bodies (basidiomata) collected from forested areas in southwestern New Brunswick were analyzed for total mercury, sulphur, nitrogen, and carbon concentrations (THg, TS, TN, and TC, respectively). This analysis was done for caps and stalks and by development stage (emergent, mature, senescent) across 27 species associated with five classes, eight families, and 13 genera. Across the species, THg correlated positively with TN and TS, thereby implying N as well as S mitigated transfer of Hg from the mycelia into the basidiomata, with THg ranging from 3 to 10 457 ppb. TS, TN, and TC varied from 0.07 to 1, 1 to 11, and 43 to 53 %, respectively. Cap and stalk THg, TS, TN, and TC were also correlated to one another, with mean stalk/cap ratios of 0.59, 0.76, 0.71, and 0.98, respectively. Soil availability indexed by THg, TS, TN, and TC within the forest floor contributed to basidiomatal THg as well. THg, THg/TS, and THg/N varied strongly by species. These variations involved: (i) no growth dilution and no volatilization (Group I), (ii) growth dilution only (Group II), (iii) growth dilution followed by loss during senescence (Group III), and (iv) growth dilution combined with loss from emergence onward (Group IV). Depending on species, TN and TS remained the same or declined from 100 % at emergence to about 80 and 70 % at senescence. Lack of THg decline for the Group I species would be due to HgS encapsulation. Reanalyzing the freeze-dried samples revealed that THg continued to drop during the first year of air-dry storage for the Group II, II, and IV species, but TS, TN, and TC remained stable. The results were quantified by way of best-fitted regression models.

Factors affecting water strider (Hemiptera: Gerridae) mercury concentrations in lotic systems.

Water striders (Hemiptera: Gerridae) have been considered as a potential sentinel for mercury (Hg) contamination of freshwater ecosystems, yet little is known about factors that control Hg concentrations in this invertebrate. Striders were collected from 80 streams and rivers in New Brunswick, Canada, in August and September of 2004 through 2007 to assess the influence of factors such as diet, water chemistry, and proximity to point sources on Hg concentrations in this organism. Higher than average Hg concentrations were observed in the southwest and Grand Lake regions of the province, the latter being the location of a coal-fired power plant that is a source of Hg (approximately 100 kg annually), with elevated Hg concentrations in the lichen Old Man's Beard (Usnea spp.) in its immediate vicinity. Across all streams, pH and total organic carbon of water were relatively weak predictors of strider Hg concentrations. Female striders that were larger in body size than males had significantly lower Hg concentrations within sites, suggestive of growth dilution. There was no relationship between percent aquatic carbon in the diet and Hg concentrations in striders. For those striders feeding solely on terrestrial carbon, Hg concentrations were higher in animals occupying a higher trophic level. Mercury concentrations were highly variable in striders collected monthly over two growing seasons, suggesting short-term changes in Hg availability. These measurements highlight the importance of considering both deposition and postdepositional processes in assessing Hg bioaccumulation in this species. They also suggest that striders may be more appropriate as a terrestrial rather than an aquatic Hg sentinel, underscoring the importance of understanding the origin of food for organisms used in contaminant studies.

Water striders (family Gerridae): mercury sentinels in small freshwater ecosystems.

To circumvent some of the previous limitations associated with contaminant-monitoring programs, we tested the suitability of the water strider (Hemiptera: Gerridae) as a mercury sentinel by comparing total mercury concentrations in water striders and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from a variety of stream sites in New Brunswick, Canada. There was a strong association between the two variables across sites (r(2)=0.81, P<0.001) in systems where both atmospheric deposition and a point source (an abandoned gold mine) were likely contributing to ambient mercury levels. In a small stream draining the gold mine tailings pile, water striders had mercury concentrations an order of magnitude higher than those from reference locations. Temporal variation at three southern New Brunswick stream sites was non-significant. These results suggest that water strider mercury levels accurately quantify food chain entry of the element. The use of sentinel species holds great potential for expanding contaminant-monitoring programs.