RESUMO
Uno de los campos de mayor importancia en la promoción de la salud es la prevención de las enfermedades infecciosas mediante las vacunas. Vacuna es cualquier preparación destinada a generar inmunidad contra una enfermedad estimulando la producción de anticuerpos. Hay dos tipos básicos: vivas atenuadas e inactivadas; sus características son diferentes y condicionan su uso. Las propiedades principales de una vacuna son seguridad y eficacia protectora. Las vacunas pueden administrarse en base a indicaciones individualizadas según distintos factores (personales, ambientales ) o de forma sistemática como parte de los calendarios vacunales. En España, el primer calendario de vacunación infantil se implantó en 1975. Actualmente son las comunidades autónomas las responsables de establecer las recomendaciones vacunales. La incidencia de las enfermedades frente a las que se vacuna y las coberturas de vacunación son los criterios de valoración esenciales de los programas vacunales. En España la incidencia de enfermedades inmunoprevenibles es baja. En cuanto a las coberturas vacunales, son altas en la infancia, pero en adolescentes, adultos y grupos de riesgo no siempre son adecuadas
One area of major importance in promoting health is the prevention of infectious diseases through vaccination. Vaccine is any preparation intended to generate immunity against a disease by stimulating the production of antibodies. There are two basic types: live attenuated and inactivated, with different characteristics that determine their use. The main properties of a vaccine are safety and protective efficacy. The vaccines can be administered based on individualized directions depending on various factors (personal, environmental ), or systematically as part of the immunization schedules. In Spain, the first childhood immunization schedule was implemented in 1975. The Autonomous Communities are currently responsible for establishing vaccine recommendations. The incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccination coverage are essential criteria for the evaluation of vaccination programs. In Spain the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases is low. Vaccination coverage is high in childhood, but in adolescents, adults and groups at risk it is not always appropriate
Assuntos
Humanos , Vacinação , Programas de Imunização , Esquemas de Imunização , Vacinas/classificação , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/métodos , Cobertura Vacinal , Impactos da Poluição na SaúdeRESUMO
One area of major importance in promoting health is the prevention of infectious diseases through vaccination. Vaccine is any preparation intended to generate immunity against a disease by stimulating the production of antibodies. There are two basic types: live attenuated and inactivated, with different characteristics that determine their use. The main properties of a vaccine are safety and protective efficacy. The vaccines can be administered based on individualized directions depending on various factors (personal, environmental ), or systematically as part of the immunization schedules. In Spain, the first childhood immunization schedule was implemented in 1975. The Autonomous Communities are currently responsible for establishing vaccine recommendations. The incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccination coverage are essential criteria for the evaluation of vaccination programs. In Spain the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases is low. Vaccination coverage is high in childhood, but in adolescents, adults and groups at risk it is not always appropriate.
