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1.
Molecules ; 29(1)2023 Dec 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38202766

RESUMO

Green tomato (Physalis ixocarpa) is a specie native to Mexico, and it is known as "tomatillo" or "husk tomato". The fruit contains vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, and steroidal lactones, presenting antimicrobial activity and antinarcotic effects. Therefore, it is not only used in traditional Mexican cuisine, but also in traditional medicine to relieve some discomforts such as fever, cough, and amygdalitis. However, it is a perishable fruit whose shelf life is very short. As a part of the peel, cuticle, and epicuticular waxes represent the most important part in plant protection, and the specific composition and structural characterization are significant to know how this protective biopolymer keeps quality characteristics in fresh fruits. P. ixocarpa cutin was obtained by enzymatic treatments (cellulase, hemicellulose, and pectinase) and different concentrations of TFA, and studied through Cross Polarization Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CPMAS 13C NMR), Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS), and was morphologically characterized by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The main constituents identified under the basis of UHPLC-MS analysis were 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-octadecanoic acid with 44.7 and 37.5%, respectively. The C16 absence and low occurrence of phenolic compounds, besides the presence of glandular trichomes, which do not allow a continuous layer on the surface of the fruit, could be related to a lower shelf life compared with other common fruits such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).


Assuntos
Lipídeos de Membrana , Physalis , Solanum lycopersicum , Frutas , México , Fenóis
2.
Molecules ; 27(23)2022 Dec 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36500599

RESUMO

Citrus paradisi species belong to the Rutaceae family, and it is commonly known as grapefruit. Grapefruit consumption involves a large amount of waste that goes to landfills and produces significant pollution affecting the human health. To examine this phenomenon, we designed an efficient chemical method that recovers naringin-rich flavonoid extracts from the fresh waste of grapefruits, by using the solvent impregnation resin method (SIR) with XAD-4 amberlite and either methanol or water as elution systems. Additionally, we focused on evaluating these extracts' anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in behavioral predictive paradigms in mice. According to direct Principal Component Analysis (PCA) by NMR, and Direct Injection Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (DIESI-MS), methanol extracts obtained after resin treatment were free of coumarin compounds and evinced had a high content of naringin. Poncirin, phenylalanine, chrysin 5,7-dimethyl ether, 5,7-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxyflavanone, 2,3-dihydro-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetramethoxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, tetrahydrocurcumin, corchoionoside C, 6'-coumaroyl-1'-O-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl]-ß-D-glucopyranoside were also detected. Naringin-rich methanol extract caused a clear anxiolytic-like effect in the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and the Hole-Board (HBT) Tests, increasing oral doses of this extract did not produce a sedative effect. A single oral dose caused an antidepressant-like effect in the Tail Suspension Test (TST), while repeated administrations of the methanol extract elicited a robust antidepressant effect in the Forced Swimming Test (FST) in mice. Our evidence highlights the importance of bioprospecting studies of organic waste with therapeutic potentials, such as anxiety and depression disorders.


Assuntos
Ansiolíticos , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Ansiolíticos/química , Metanol/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Ansiedade/tratamento farmacológico , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico
3.
Molecules ; 27(21)2022 Oct 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36364146

RESUMO

Schinus molle is a plant traditionally used in Mexico to treat gastric disorders. However, no scientific evidence has been reported on its gastroprotective effect. The aim of the current contribution was to conduct a bioassay-guided study on S. molle to evaluate its gastroprotective activity in a model of Wistar rats given ethanol orally to induce gastric lesions. The hexane and dichloromethane extracts from the tested plant showed over 99% gastroprotection at a dose of 100 mg/kg. From the hexane extract, two of the three fractions (F1 and F2) afforded over 99% gastroprotection. The F1 fraction was subjected to column chromatography, which revealed a white solid. Based on the ESI-MS analysis, the two main compounds in this solid were identified. The predominant compound was probably a triterpene. This mixture of compounds furnished about 67% gastroprotection at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Pretreatment with L-NAME, indomethacin, and NEM was carried out to explore the possible involvement of nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and/or sulfhydryl groups, respectively, in the gastroprotective activity of the white solid. We found evidence for the participation of all three factors. No antisecretory activity was detected (tested by pylorus ligation). In conclusion, evidence is herein provided for the first time of the gastroprotective effect of S. molle.


Assuntos
Anacardiaceae , Antiulcerosos , Úlcera Gástrica , Ratos , Animais , Prostaglandinas/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico/farmacologia , Úlcera Gástrica/induzido quimicamente , Úlcera Gástrica/tratamento farmacológico , Úlcera Gástrica/patologia , Antiulcerosos/química , Hexanos/farmacologia , Ratos Wistar , Compostos de Sulfidrila/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Mucosa Gástrica
4.
Pharm Biol ; 60(1): 1207-1213, 2022 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35764528

RESUMO

CONTEXT: The gastroprotective effect of Heliotropium indicum L. (Boraginaceae), a plant traditionally used in Mexico to treat gastric ulcers, has been previously reported. However, no active compound was identified. OBJECTIVE: The current contribution aimed to isolate, through a bioassay-guided study, at least one compound from H. indicum with considerable gastroprotective activity, examine its effect on ethanol-induced gastric lesions in mice, and explore possible mechanisms of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three extracts (hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol) were obtained from H. indicum leaves. Their 30 and 100 mg/kg doses were assessed on ethanol-induced gastric lesions in male CD1 mice. Since the dichloromethane extract was the most active, successive chromatographies were carried out leading to the identification of the most active compound. This compound (at 3-100 mg/kg) was compared to carbenoxolone (at 10-100 mg/kg) in biological evaluations in mice. Pre-treatments with indomethacin (10 mg/kg, s.c.), L-NAME (70 mg/kg, i.p.), and NEM (10 mg/kg, s.c.) were performed independently to determine the participation of prostaglandins, nitric oxide, and/or sulfhydryl groups, respectively, in the mechanism of action of the compound. RESULTS: (E)-Ethyl-12-cyclohexyl-4,5-dihydroxydodec-2-enoate, a compound isolated from H. indicum, afforded dose-dependent gastroprotective activity. The maximum effect was observed at 100 mg/kg (90.13 ± 3.08%), with an ED50 of 5.92 ± 2.48 mg/kg. Gastroprotection was not modified by pre-treatment with indomethacin, L-NAME, or NEM. CONCLUSIONS: (E)-Ethyl-12-cyclohexyl-4,5-dihydroxydodec-2-enoate, isolated from H. indicum, was found to produce a substantial gastroprotective effect. Prostaglandins, nitric oxide, and non-protein sulfhydryl groups are not involved in its mechanism of action.


Assuntos
Antiulcerosos , Heliotropium , Animais , Antiulcerosos/farmacologia , Antiulcerosos/uso terapêutico , Etanol , Indometacina/farmacologia , Masculino , Cloreto de Metileno , Camundongos , NG-Nitroarginina Metil Éster/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico , Prostaglandinas , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Compostos de Sulfidrila
5.
Food Chem X ; 14: 100284, 2022 Jun 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35345793

RESUMO

In Mexico, local ripened cheeses such as Chihuahua, Ranchero, and Cotija are produced, being consumed in great quantities together with imported cheeses. Proteolysis that takes place during ripening generates bioactive peptides; in this way the cheese acquires potential as a functional food. The ripening process of Gouda cheese was studied based on its bromatological and sensorial properties, bioactivity, and peptide profile. Ripened cheese met bromatological standard parameters and showed higher overall acceptability. After 90 days, bioactivity reached maximum values for radical scavenging (6.6%), ferric reducing power (11.2%), metal chelating effect (49%), and angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity (66.2%). Eight peptides were identified, four from αS1-casein, f(1-9, 1-13, 1-14, and 25-36), and four from ß-casein, f(11-28, 60-63, 193-209, and 197-205). Ripening of Gouda cheese results in a product with functional potential due to the presence of peptides with biological activity. Additionally, the methodology proposed in this work could be used by the dairy industry to monitor the manufacturing process and ripening of other types of cheeses.

6.
J Ethnopharmacol ; 265: 113316, 2021 Jan 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32866569

RESUMO

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Calea zacatechichi is a plant with an extensive popular and ritual use in Mexico. In healthy volunteers, it induces well-being and tranquility senses, and facilitates superficial stages of sleep. However, anxiolytic, and antidepressant-like effects and changes on the sleep-waking stages have not been explored. AIM: To determine anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects of an aqueous extract of C. zacatechichi (CZ) in rodents and to analyze their effects on hippocampal activity in the rat sleep-waking cycle. MATERIAL AND METHODS: CZ anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects were evaluated in several mice and rat behavioral paradigms. CZ effects on temporal distribution of sleep were described, and hippocampus EEG frequency patterns were analyzed during the sleep-waking cycle; absolute and relative powers were analyzed during Rapid Eye Movements (REM) and non-REM sleep stages. CZ chemical analysis was performed by UPLC-ESI-MS. RESULTS: CZ produced specific and robust anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in mice and rats, similar to those of prototypical drugs, at doses ranging from 0.5 to 50 mg/kg. CZ at 100 mg/kg produced visible mild sedative effects in rats, associated with a significant increase in Slow Wave Sleep episodes during a 6 h recording, and enhanced fast frequencies of hippocampus (gamma-band:31-50 Hz) during REM sleep. CONCLUSION: Results could support the well-being and tranquility senses reported by healthy consumers, and to explain the oneiric content during dreams and some improvements in cognitive processes described by consumers. Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of this species, reported for first time in this study could improve some aspects of mental health.


Assuntos
Ansiolíticos/farmacologia , Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Asteraceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Ansiolíticos/administração & dosagem , Ansiolíticos/isolamento & purificação , Antidepressivos/administração & dosagem , Antidepressivos/isolamento & purificação , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Masculino , México , Camundongos , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sono/efeitos dos fármacos , Sono REM/efeitos dos fármacos
7.
Molecules ; 25(24)2020 Dec 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33339233

RESUMO

The cuticle, a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs, has a composition that varies between plant species. As a part of the apple peel, cuticle and epicuticular waxes have an important role in the skin appearance and quality characteristic in fresh fruits destined for human consumption. The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, "golden delicious" and "red delicious", were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). According to CP-MAS 13C NMR and ATR-FTIR analysis, cutins from both varieties are mainly composed of aliphatics and a small difference is shown between them. This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin's surface. These cracks have an average depth of 1.57 µm ± 0.57 in the golden apple, and 1.77 µm ± 0.64 in those found in the red apple. The results obtained in this work may facilitate a better understanding that mechanical properties of the apple fruit skin are mainly related to the specific aliphatic composition of cutin and help to much better investigate the formation of microcracks, an important symptom of russet formation.


Assuntos
Malus/metabolismo , Lipídeos de Membrana/análise , Frutas/metabolismo , Hidrólise , Hidróxidos/química , Ácido Linoleico/análise , Ácido Linoleico/química , Lipídeos de Membrana/química , Microscopia de Força Atômica , Microscopia Confocal , Ácido Palmítico/análise , Ácido Palmítico/química , Compostos de Potássio/química , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier
8.
Polymers (Basel) ; 12(9)2020 Aug 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32872115

RESUMO

Plant cuticles have attracted attention because they can be used to produce hydrophobic films as models for novel biopolymers. Usually, cuticles are obtained from agroresidual waste. To find new renewable natural sources to design green and commercially available bioplastics, fruits of S. aculeatissimum and S. myriacanthum were analyzed. These fruits are not used for human or animal consumption, mainly because the fruit is composed of seeds. Fruit peels were object of enzymatic and chemical methods to get thick cutins in good yields (approximately 77% from dry weight), and they were studied by solid-state resonance techniques (CPMAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and direct injection electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DIESI-MS) analytical methods. The main component of S. aculeatissimum cutin is 10,16-dihydroxypalmitic acid (10,16-DHPA, 69.84%), while S. myriacanthum cutin besides of 10,16-DHPA (44.02%); another two C18 monomers: 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid (24.03%) and 18-hydroxy-9S,10R-epoxy-octadecanoic acid (9.36%) are present. The hydrolyzed cutins were used to produce films demonstrating that both cutins could be a potential raw material for different biopolymers.

9.
J Food Sci ; 84(5): 954-962, 2019 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30994936

RESUMO

Pigmented maize has been extensively studied due to its high anthocyanin content. This study has been focused mainly on kernel, although the whole plant of purple corn is a potential source of anthocyanins. First, general parameters of extraction (solvent system, solvent-to-solid ratio, number of extractions, and acid type) were established depending on the total anthocyanins content. Then, three extraction methods to access anthocyanins were compared: maceration extraction (ME), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Since the residual material still possessed an intense color, a further treatment was performed by application of enzymatic-assisted extraction (EAE). Three enzymatic cocktails (Xylanases, Celluclast, and Depol), pH, and temperature were evaluated to establish optimal reaction conditions. Subsequent analysis and identification of the anthocyanins obtained by four different extraction techniques were performed using HPLC and HPLC-mass spectrometry, respectively. The most efficient method was UAE using 20 min of ultrasound (100 W) preceded by sample treatment in the following conditions: ethanol/water/lactic acid mixture (80:19:1), two extractions, 1:10 solvent-to-solid ratio. As a result, anthocyanins from corn cob and corn husk were extracted at concentrations of 24.32 and 25.80 mg/gDW, respectively. No difference in the anthocyanins profile for samples extracted by three different methods was observed. However, an enhanced presence of cyanidin-3-(6''malonyl)glucoside was detected in the sample corresponding to the EAE method. Therefore, the Cahuacintle corn husk can be considered as a competitive source of anthocyanins with the available commercial sources. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The by-products obtained from Cacahuacintle purple corn can be potentially used as natural colorants thanks to their anthocyanins content. In this work, we established the most efficient extraction method of anthocyanins from corn husk and corn cob, and demonstrated that their anthocyanins profile is comparable to other Peruvian purple corns, which are currently used as natural colorants. Therefore, the extraction procedure described in this study might be scaled-up in an industrial process to get access to anthocyanins from undervalued wastes.


Assuntos
Antocianinas/isolamento & purificação , Cor , Extratos Vegetais/química , Estruturas Vegetais/química , Zea mays/química , Antocianinas/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Tecnologia de Alimentos/métodos , Humanos , Espectrometria de Massas , Peru , Solventes/química , Especificidade da Espécie , Zea mays/classificação
10.
J Ethnopharmacol ; 231: 453-463, 2019 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30545804

RESUMO

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Piper auritum Kunth is employed as an aphrodisiac in the traditional medicine, but corroborative evidence for such effect is scarce. AIM OF THE STUDY: The pro-sexual effect of an aqueous extract of P. auritum and its possible mechanisms were analyzed in two paradigms of male sexual function. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Effects of an aqueous extract of P. auritum (PA, single administration) were investigated in the fictive ejaculation, and copulatory behavior paradigms in sexually sluggish male rats. WAY 100635 (antagonist of 5-HT1A receptors), atosiban (antagonist of oxytocinergic receptors), L-NAME (inhibitor of the nitric oxide synthase) and baclofen (antagonist of GABAB receptors) were used as pre-treatments in order to investigate the role of different neurotransmitter systems in PA actions. Chemical profile of PA was determined by Gases Chromatography and Ultra Performance Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Masses Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS). RESULTS: In males with retarded ejaculation, PA stimulated ejaculatory behavior and recovered electromyographic activity of pelvic musculature participating in seminal emission and ejaculation. All pre-treatments blocked stimulating effects of PA on the fictive ejaculation; additionally WAY 100635 interfered with PA actions on ejaculatory behavior. Safrol, apigenin dimethylether, myristicin, vaccihein A, sakuranin and sakuranetin flavonoids, were main constituents of PA, with possible participation in its pro-sexual effects. CONCLUSIONS: Pro-sexual effects of P. auritum elicited at level of ejaculation were mediated by several neurotransmitter systems, among which serotonin and its 5-HT1A receptors play an important role. Present findings support P. auritum reputation as an aphrodisiac, with potential use in delayed ejaculation disorder.


Assuntos
Afrodisíacos/farmacologia , Piper , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Comportamento Sexual/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Afrodisíacos/química , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ejaculação/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Masculino , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Piper/química , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Piridinas/farmacologia , Ratos Wistar , Receptor 5-HT1A de Serotonina/fisiologia , Antagonistas do Receptor 5-HT1 de Serotonina/farmacologia
11.
Int J Mol Sci ; 19(8)2018 Aug 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30081472

RESUMO

Melatonin is synthesized by the pineal gland with a circadian rhythm in synchrony with the environmental light/dark cycle. A gradual increase in circulating levels of melatonin occur after lights off, reaching its maximum around the middle of the dark phase. Agonists of melatonin receptors have proved effectiveness as antidepressants in clinical trials. However, there is contradictory evidence about the potential antidepressant effect of melatonin itself. Herein we studied melatonin administration in mice at two zeitgeber times (ZT; ZT = 0 lights on; 12:12 L/D), one hour before the beginning (ZT11) and at the middle (ZT18) of the dark phase after either a single or a three-dose protocol. Behavioral despair was assessed through a forced-swimming test (FST) or a tail suspension test (TST), at ZT18.5. A single dose of 4 mg/kg melatonin at ZT11 was effective to reduce the immobility time in both tests. However, acute administration of melatonin at ZT18 was not effective in mice subjected to FST, and a higher dose (16 mg/kg) was required to reduce immobility time in the TST. A three-dose administration protocol of 16 mg/kg melatonin (ZT18, ZT11, and ZT18) significantly reduced immobility time in FST. Data indicate that the timely administration of melatonin could improve its antidepressant-like effect.


Assuntos
Antidepressivos/uso terapêutico , Melatonina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antidepressivos/sangue , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Elevação dos Membros Posteriores , Masculino , Melatonina/sangue , Camundongos , Natação/fisiologia
12.
Phytochemistry ; 144: 78-86, 2017 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28898741

RESUMO

Grapefruit and lime cutins were analyzed and compared in order to obtain information about their cutin architecture. This was performed using a sequential hydrolysis, first with trifluoroacetic acid to remove most of the polysaccharides present in the cutins, followed by an alkaline hydrolysis in order to obtain the main aliphatic compounds. Analysis by CPMAS 13C NMR and ATR FT-IR of the cutins after 2.0 M TFA revealed that grapefruit cutin has independent aliphatic and polysaccharide domains while in the lime cutin these components could be homogeneously distributed. These observations were in agreement with an AFM analysis of the cutins obtained in the hydrolysis reactions. The main aliphatic compounds were detected and characterized as 16-hydroxy-10-oxo-hexadecanoic acid and 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid. These were present in grapefruit cutin at 35.80% and 21.86% and in lime cutin at 20.44% and 40.36% respectively.


Assuntos
Compostos de Cálcio/química , Citrus paradisi/química , Lipídeos de Membrana/isolamento & purificação , Óxidos/química , Ácido Trifluoracético/química , Hidrólise , Lipídeos de Membrana/química
13.
Magn Reson Chem ; 55(3): 169-176, 2017 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26132551

RESUMO

Complete and unambiguous 1 H NMR chemical shift assignment of α-cedrene (2) and cedrol (9), as well as for α-pipitzol (1), isocedrol (10), and the six related compounds 3-8 has been established by iterative full spin analysis using the PERCH NMR software (PERCH Solutions Ltd., Kuopio, Finland). The total sets of coupling constants are described and correlated with the conformational equilibria of the five-membered ring of 1-10, which were calculated using the complete basis set method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Assuntos
Sesquiterpenos/química , Terpenos/química , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Molecular , Sesquiterpenos Policíclicos , Software
14.
Food Chem ; 204: 437-443, 2016 Aug 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26988522

RESUMO

Carbohydrate fatty acid esters are non-ionic surfactants with a broad spectrum of applications. These molecules are generally synthesized using short carbohydrates or linear fructans; however in this research carbohydrate fatty acid esters were produced for the first time with branched fructans from Agave tequilana. Using immobilized lipases we successfully acylated A. tequilana fructans with vinyl laurate, obtaining products with different degrees of polymerization (DP). Lipozyme 435 was the most efficient lipase to catalyze the transesterification reaction. HPLC and ESI-MS analysis proved the presence of a mixture of acylated products as a result of the chemical complexity of fructans in the A. tequilana. The ESI-MS spectra showed a molecular mass shift between 183 and 366g/mol for fructooligosaccharides with a DP lower than 6, which indicated the presence of Agave fructans that had been mono- and diacylated with lauric acid. The carbohydrate fatty acid esters (CFAE) obtained showed good emulsifying properties in W/O emulsions.


Assuntos
Agave/química , Emulsões/química , Ésteres/química , Ácidos Graxos/química , Frutanos/química , Acilação , Biocatálise , Lipase/química , Oligossacarídeos/química , Polimerização
15.
Plant Foods Hum Nutr ; 70(3): 351-6, 2015 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26243665

RESUMO

Jatropha curcas is an oil seed plant that belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family. Nontoxic genotypes have been reported in Mexico. The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the effect of a Mexican variety of J. curcas protein concentrate (JCP) on weight gain, biochemical parameters, and the expression of genes and proteins involved in insulin signaling, lipogenesis, cholesterol and protein synthesis in rats. The results demonstrated that short-term consumption of JCP increased serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides and cholesterol levels as well as the expression of transcription factors involved in lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis (SREBP-1 and LXRα). Moreover, there was an increase in insulin signaling mediated by Akt phosphorylation and mTOR. JCP also increased PKCα protein abundance and the activation of downstream signaling pathway targets such as the AP1 and NF-κB transcription factors typically activated by phorbol esters. These results suggested that phorbol esters are present in JCP, and that they could be involved in the activation of PKC which may be responsible for the high insulin secretion and consequently the activation of insulin-dependent pathways. Our data suggest that this Mexican Jatropha variety contains toxic compounds that produce negative metabolic effects which require caution when using in the applications of Jatropha-based products in medicine and nutrition.


Assuntos
Insulina/metabolismo , Jatropha/química , Lipogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Ésteres de Forbol/efeitos adversos , Proteínas de Plantas/farmacologia , Biossíntese de Proteínas/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína Quinase C-alfa/metabolismo , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Proteínas Alimentares/farmacologia , Jatropha/classificação , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , México , Ésteres de Forbol/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Sementes/química , Transdução de Sinais , Especificidade da Espécie , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo
16.
J Ethnopharmacol ; 171: 295-306, 2015 Aug 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26070520

RESUMO

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: C. mexicana A. Gray (Asteraceae) is a native of North America plant. In Mexico׳s folk medicine it is used for the fever, rheumatism and as a diuretic, antispasmodic, general tonic or adaptogenic herb, and as a stimulant agent. The aim of the study was to examine the antidepressant-like properties of an aqueous extract of C. mexicana (Cm), in order to scientifically describe its potential value in the management of depressive disorders. To evaluate the acute and subacute toxic effects of Cm and effects on hepatic and biochemical functions in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Antidepressant-like effects of Cm were evaluated in the Forced swimming and suspension tail tests (FST and TST), the ambulatory activity was measure in the Open Field Test (OFT), motor coordination was evaluated in the inverted screen and gyratory roller (IST and Rota-rod), the biochemical and histopathological analysis were carried out. Phytochemical studies of organic and aqueous extracts of Cm were thoroughly conducted. RESULTS: Cm produced a significant reduction of the immobility time both FST and in TST, without affect the ambulatory activity of experimental mice. Cm did not produce any damage in the hepatic functions, nor produce any significant change in the morphological tissue of organs examined. CONCLUSIONS: Chrysactinia mexicana induces a clear antidepressant-like effect in mice, without affect any basic functions. The consumption of this medicinal plant does not represent risk for health. The chemical analysis showed the flavonoids free and glycosides mainly.


Assuntos
Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Antidepressivos/toxicidade , Asteraceae , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Animais , Antidepressivos/análise , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Flavonoides/análise , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Flavonoides/toxicidade , Elevação dos Membros Posteriores , Dose Letal Mediana , Masculino , Camundongos , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Força Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/toxicidade , Componentes Aéreos da Planta , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Desempenho Psicomotor/efeitos dos fármacos , Teste de Desempenho do Rota-Rod , Natação
17.
Molecules ; 19(7): 10261-78, 2014 Jul 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25029073

RESUMO

Senna villosa (Miller) is a plant that grows in México. In traditional Mexican medicine, it is used topically to treat skin infections, pustules and eruptions and to heal wounds by scar formation. However, studies of its potential anti-inflammatory effects have not been performed. The aim of the present study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of extracts from the leaves of Senna villosa and to perform a bioassay-guided chemical study of the extract with major activity in a model of ear edema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). The results reveal that the chloroform extract from Senna villosa leaves has anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. Nine fractions were obtained from the bioassay-guided chemical study, including a white precipitate from fractions 2 and 3. Although none of the nine fractions presented anti-inflammatory activity, the white precipitate exhibited pharmacological activity. It was chemically characterized using mass spectrometry and infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, resulting in a mixture of three aliphatic esters, which were identified as the principal constituents: hexyl tetradecanoate (C20H40O2), heptyl tetradecanoate (C21H42O2) and octyl tetradecanoate (C22H44O2). This research provides, for the first time, evidence of the anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties of compounds isolated from Senna villosa.


Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Edema/tratamento farmacológico , Fabaceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Fracionamento Químico , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Edema/induzido quimicamente , Edema/metabolismo , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Contagem de Leucócitos , Masculino , Espectrometria de Massas , Medicina Tradicional , Estrutura Molecular , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Ratos , Acetato de Tetradecanoilforbol/efeitos adversos
18.
Nutrients ; 6(2): 591-604, 2014 Jan 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24481132

RESUMO

Psacalium decompositum, commonly known as "Matarique," is a medicinal plant used in Mexico for diabetes mellitus empirical therapy. Previous studies have shown that the fructooligosaccharides (FOS) present in the roots of this plant exhibit a notable hypoglycemic effect in animal models; this effect might be associated with the attenuation of the inflammatory process and other metabolic disorders. In this study, we examined the effects of FOS fraction administration in a fructose-fed rat model for obesity. Phytochemical chromatographic studies (high performance thin layer chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance) were performed to verify isolation of FOS. 24 male Wistar rats were maintained for 12 weeks on a diet of 20% HFCS in drinking water and chow. Glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and liver transaminases levels were measured monthly, after administering FOS fraction intragastrically (150 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks), while the levels of inflammatory cytokines were only quantified at the end of the treatments. Rats treated with FOS fraction decreased body weight, cholesterol, triglycerides, and significantly reduced IL-6, IFN-γ, MCP-1, IL-1ß and VEGF levels (p < 0.05). These results suggest that P. decompositum has anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic properties that might be used as an alternative treatment for the control of obesity.


Assuntos
Asteraceae/química , Dislipidemias/tratamento farmacológico , Frutose/efeitos adversos , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Oligossacarídeos/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Peso Corporal , Quimiocina CCL2/sangue , Colesterol/sangue , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Interferon gama/sangue , Interleucina-1beta/sangue , Interleucina-6/sangue , Masculino , Obesidade/induzido quimicamente , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Raízes de Plantas/química , Plantas Medicinais/química , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/sangue
19.
Molecules ; 18(9): 11327-37, 2013 Sep 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24064453

RESUMO

Peperomia pellucida is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat gastric ulcers. Although this gastroprotective activity was reported, the active compounds have not been identified. Therefore, the aim herein was to identify the most active compound in the gastroprotective activity of P. pellucida using an ethanol-induced gastric ulcer experimental rat model. A gastroprotective effect was observed when the hexane and dichloromethane extracts were tested, with the higher effect being obtained with the dichloromethane extract (82.3 ± 5.6%) at 100 mg/kg. Dillapiole was identified as the most active compound in this extract. Although there have been previous reports on dillapiole, this is the first on its gastroprotective activity. Rats treated with this compound at 3, 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg showed 23.1, 56.1, 73.2 and 85.5% gastroprotection, respectively. The effect elicited by dillapiole at 100 mg/kg was not attenuated by pretreatment with indomethacin (10 mg/kg, s.c.), a prostaglandin synthesis blocker, NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (70 mg/kg, i.p.), a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, or N-ethylmaleimide (10 mg/kg, s.c.), a blocker of sulfhydryl groups. This suggests that the gastroprotective mechanism of action of dillapiole does not involve prostaglandins, NO or sulfhydryl groups.


Assuntos
Compostos Alílicos/farmacologia , Dioxóis/farmacologia , Peperomia/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Úlcera Gástrica/tratamento farmacológico , Compostos Alílicos/isolamento & purificação , Compostos Alílicos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Dioxóis/isolamento & purificação , Dioxóis/uso terapêutico , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Etanol , Masculino , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Úlcera Gástrica/induzido quimicamente
20.
Molecules ; 18(8): 9317-33, 2013 Aug 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23921794

RESUMO

The main monomer of tomato cuticle, 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid (10,16-DHPA) and its methyl ester derivative (methyl-10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanote; methyl-10,16-DHHD), were used to study their oligomerization reactions catalyzed by five lipases: Candida antarctica lipase B (CAL-B), Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RM), Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TL), Pseudomonas cepacia lipase (PCL) and porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL). For 10,16-DHPA, optimum yields were obtained at 60 °C using toluene and 2-methyl-2-butanol (2M2B) as solvent, while for methyl-10,16-DHHD the bests yields were obtained in toluene and acetonitrile. Both reactions leaded to linear polyesters according to the NMR and FT-IR analysis, and there was no data indicating the presence of branched polymers. Using optimized conditions, poly(10,16-DHPA) and poly(methyl-10,16-DHHD) with Mw = 814 and Mn = 1,206 Da, and Mw = 982 and Mn = 860 Da, respectively, were formed according to their MALDI-TOF MS and ESI-MS data. The self-assembly of the polyesters obtained were analyzed by AFM.


Assuntos
Catálise , Lipase/química , Ácidos Palmíticos/química , Solanum lycopersicum/química , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Ácidos Palmíticos/metabolismo , Polímeros/química , Solventes/química , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier
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