SIgA response and incidence of upper respiratory tract infections during intensified training in youth basketball players.

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of an intensified training phase followed by a tapering phase on the salivary immunoglobulin A concentration and on the upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms in young male basketball players. The session rating of perceived exertion method was used to quantify the internal training load, and the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey-21 questionnaire was used to assess URTI symptoms. The Yo-Yo IR1 test and saliva collection were carried out at the beginning of the study (T1), after the intensified phase (T2), and after tapering (T3). A higher internal training load was observed for the intensified phase compared with the tapering phase (t=19.10; p<0.001), and a significant decrease in salivary immunoglobulin A concentration was detected (F=7.48; p=0.004) at T3 compared to T1 (p=0.02) and T2 (p=0.05). However, there was no significant difference between phases for severity of URTI (χ2= 2.83; p=0.242). The Yo-Yo IR1 test performance increased from T2 and T3 compared to T1 (F=58.24; p<0.001). There was no significant effect of aerobic fitness level on salivary immunoglobulin A response (F=1.095; p=0.344). In summary, the present findings suggest that an intensified training load followed by a tapering period negatively affects the mucosal immune function with no significant change in severity of URTI in young basketball players.

Does small-sided-games' court area influence metabolic, perceptual, and physical performance parameters of young elite basketball players?

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of court size on physiological responses and physical performance of young elite basketball players. Twelve male basketball players (18.6 ± 0.5 years; 88.8 ± 14.5 kg; 192.6 ± 6.5 cm) from an under-19 team performed two small-sided games (matches) with different court areas (28x15 m and 28x9 m; 28x15 and 28x9 protocols). The number of players (3x3) was kept the same in each protocol. The players performed a repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test before and after each match. Blood lactate concentration was collected before (pre) and after (post) the matches, and the session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) was determined 30 minutes after the match. Best and mean time in the RSA test were not different between the 28x15 and the 28x9 match protocols (p > 0.05). A significant difference was observed for lactate concentration from pre- to post-match (p < 0.05) in both protocols (28x15 and 28x9); however, there was no significant interaction between protocols. A similar session-RPE mean score (28x15: 7.2 ± 1.4 and 28x9: 6.6 ± 1.4) was detected for both protocols (p > 0.05, ES=0.41). In summary, the results of the current study suggest that the different court areas induced similar responses. Although there was no significant difference in effort perception, players tended to perceive a greater effort in the larger court size.

Validade e reprodutibilidade de receptores para o GPS em relação à distância percorrida / Validez y reproducibilidad de receptores GPS en relación de la distancia recorrida

Objetivo. El presente estudio evaluó la validez y reproducibilidad de dos modelos de receptores para el Global Positioning System (GPS). La validez fue evaluada comparando la distancia registrada por los receptores con la distancia conocida de estos trayectos. Método. Seis jóvenes tenistas (177,6 ± 6,2 cm; 76,6 ± 3,2 kg) recorrieron tres trayectos: 1) 100 m en la pista de atletismo (número de "disparos" = 120); 2) 400 m en la pista de atletismo (número de "disparos" = 60) y 3) 100 m con cambios de dirección (número de "disparos" = 120), utilizando los equipos Garmin© Forerunner 405 y Polar© RS800. Resultados. En los trayectos sin cambios de dirección (100 y 400 m), a través de la ANOVA two way (distancia y velocidad) no se detectaron diferencias entre la distancia conocida y las distancias registradas por los receptores analizados (p > 0,05). En el trayecto de 100 m con cambios de dirección, se observaron diferencias entre la distancia conocida y las registradas tanto por el Polar© RS800 como por el Garmin© Forerunner 405 (p < 0,05). También se verificó la diferencia en las distancias registradas por el Polar® RS800 y por el Garmin© Forerunner 405 para el trayecto realizado con cambios de dirección (p < 0,05). Conclusión. A través de los datos, se puede afirmar que los receptores para GPS evaluados presentaron un nivel aceptable de precisión para distancias recorridas sin cambios de dirección, sin embargo, la precisión de estos equipos en trayectos con cambios de dirección fue limitada (AU)

Objective. The present study evaluated the reproducibility and validity of two models of receivers for the Global Positioning System (GPS). Validity was assessed by comparing the distance recorded by the GPS receivers with the known distance. Method. Six young players (177.6 ± 6.2 cm; 76.6 ± 3.2 kg) performed three routes with different characteristics: 1) 100 m in the athletics track (number of "sprints" = 120); 2) 400 m in the athletics track (number of "sprints" = 60) and 3) 100 m with changes of direction (number of "sprints" = 120), using equipment Garmin© Forerunner 405 and Polar© RS800. Results. Regarding linear routes (100 and 400 m), no differences were detected using ANOVA two-way (distance and speed) between the known distance and distance recorded by GPS receivers analyzed (p > 0.05). Regarding non-linear route of, significant differences were observed between the known distance and recorded distance by the GPS receivers (p < 0.05). There was also a significant difference between the distance recorded by Polar© RS800 and Garmin© Forerunner 405 for the non-linear route (p < 0.05). Analysis of the limits of agreement reinforces the limitation of equipment in relation to accuracy for the non-linear route. Conclusion. These data suggest that the GPS receivers evaluated showed acceptable level of accuracy for linear routes, however, the accuracy of such devices on non-linear routes was limited (AU)

O nível de condicionamento físico afeta a magnitude da carga interna de treinamento em jovens jogadores de basquetebol? / Does the level of fitness affect the magnitude of internal training load response in young basketball players?

Objetivo. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a influência da capacidade de desempenhar sucessivos esforços de alta intensidade (CDEAI) na resposta da carga interna de treinamento (CIT) em jovens jogadores de basquetebol. Método. Doze jogadores de basquetebol fizeram parte da investigação (18,6 ± 0,5 anos, 192 ± 6,5 cm e 88,8 ± 14,5 kg). O estudo foi realizado em quatro semanas consecutivas de treinamento. As duas primeiras semanas pertencentes ao período preparatório (PP) e as duas últimas ao período competitivo (PC). O método da Percepção Subjetiva de Esforço da sessão (PSE da sessão) foi utilizado para quantificar a carga interna de treinamento (CIT) em todas as sessões de treinamento. Antes (Pre) e após (Pós) o período experimental de 4 semanas, os atletas realizaram o teste de Yo-Yo (Intermittnet Endurance test Level 2; Yo-Yo IE2). Para a análise dos dados se utilizou o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (Yo-Yo IE2 [Pre e Pós] x CIT [Geral (PP e PC), PP e PC])(P < 0,05). Resultados. Correlações negativas, classificadas como "muito grande" entre os resultados do Yo-Yo IE2 Pre e CIT no PP (r = -0,81), PC (r = -0,72) e para o período como todo (Geral) (PP e PC) (r = -0,80), foram observadas. Correlação classificada como "muito grande" foi observada entre o desempenho no Yo-Yo IE2 Pós e a CIT durante o PP (r = -0,83), grande para o PC (r = -0,66) e muito grande para o Geral (r = -0,78). Conclusão. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem a existência de uma forte correlação entre a CDEAI e CIT, indicando assim, a importância de se adotar um monitoramento integrado dessas variáveis, objetivando o ajuste regular da carga de treinamento(AU)

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the ability to perform high intensity effort (HIE) on internal training load (CIT) responses in young basketball players. Method. Twelve male basketball players took part of the investigation (18.6 ± 0.5 years, 192 ± 6.5 cm e 88.8 ± 14.5 kg). The investigation lasted four weeks, with two weeks of a preparatory period (PP) and two weeks of a competitive period (PC). Session ratings of perceived exertion (session-RPE) method was used to quantify internal training load in every training session. Athletes performed the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Test level 2 (Yo-Yo IE2) before and after the experimental period (4 weeks). For data analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient was used (Yo-Yo IE2 [PRE and POST] x CIT [General (PP and PC), PP and PC]) (p < 0.05). Results. Negative correlation coefficients, classified as "large" to very large", were observed between the performance in the Yo-Yo IE2 PRE and ITL in PP (r = -0.81), CP (r = -0.72), and in the whole experimental period (PP and CP) (r = -0.80) conditions. Correlation coefficients, classified as "large" to "very large", were also observed between the performance in the Yo-Yo IR2 POST and ITL during PP (r = -0.83), CP (r = -0.66) and General (r = -0.78) conditions. Conclusion. The results of the present study suggest the existence of a strong correlation between the ability to perform HIE and ITL, thus indicating the importance of adopting an integrated monitoring of these variables, aiming to conduct regular adjustments on training load(AU)

Planejamento e monitoramento da carga de treinamento durante o período competitivo no basquetebol / Planning and monitoring training loads during an in-season basketball period

El estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar las correlaciones entre la dificultad de partidos (dificultad prevista al principio de la temporada [DP] y la dificultad actualizada a cada partido [DA]) y la carga interna de entrenamiento en microciclo anterior al partido (CIT-A) de 12 jugadores profesionales de baloncesto (25,3 ± 4,8, masa corporal 97,6 ± 14,9 kg, altura de 195,8 ± 10,2 cm) durante una temporada de competición. CIT-A se determinó por el método de la PSE del sesión. La relación entre DP, DA y CIT-A se analizó mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Se encontró fuerte correlación (r = 0,86) entre DA y PD (p <0,05), así como entre la DP y CIT-A (r = -0,59) y DA y CIT-A (r = -0.65). El coeficiente más alto de correlación entre DA y CIT-A sugiere que la dificultad prevista al comienzo de la temporada (DP) debe actualizarse durante la temporada de competición, y por lo tanto puede proporcionar información valiosa para la planificación y control de las cargas de entrenamiento en microciclos que preceden a los partidos oficiales(AU)

This study aimed to examine the relationships between the difficulty of the matches (difficulty scheduled at the beginning of the season [DBS] and the in-season match difficulty [DIS]) and the weekly internal training load (ITL) in twelve professional male basketball players (25.3 ± 4.8 years, 97.6 ± 14.9 kg, and 195.8 ± 10.2 cm) during a in-season period. DBS was determined before the commencement of the competitive season, and DIS due to reassessing DBS on a weekly basis. ITL was determined by means of session-RPE method. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) were verified between DBS and DIS (r = 0.86), DBS and ITL (- 0.59), and DIS and ITL (- 0.65). The greater coefficient of relationship between DIS and ITL suggest a key role of reassessing the difficulty of the matches on a weekly basis to provide appropriate information to coaches regard planning and monitoring in-season training loads(AU)