RESUMO
Orofacial clefts (OFC) remain among the most prevalent congenital abnormalities worldwide. In the United States in 2010 to 2014, 16.2 of 10,000 live births are born with OFC compared with 23.6 of 10,000 in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala in 2012. Demographics and cleft severity scores were retrospectively gathered from 514 patients with isolated OFC at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia scheduled for surgery from 2012 to 2019 and from 115 patients seen during surgical mission trips to Guatemala City from 2017 to 2020. Risk factors were also gathered prospectively from Guatemalan families. The Guatemalan cohort had a significantly lower prevalence of cleft palate only compared with the US cohort, which may be a result of greater cleft severity in the population or poor screening and subsequent increased mortality of untreated cleft palate. Of those with lip involvement, Guatemalan patients were significantly more likely to have complete cleft lip, associated cleft palate, and right-sided and bilateral clefts, demonstrating an increased severity of Guatemalan cleft phenotype. Primary palate and lip repair for the Guatemalan cohort occurred at a significantly older age than that of the US cohort, placing Guatemalan patients at increased risk for long-term complications such as communication difficulties. Potential OFC risk factors identified in the Guatemalan cohort included maternal cooking-fire and agricultural chemical exposure, poor prenatal vitamin intake, poverty, and risk factors related to primarily corn-based diets. OFC patients who primarily rely on surgical missions for cleft care would likely benefit from more comprehensive screening and investigation into risk factors for more severe OFC phenotypes.
RESUMO
Pese a los avances de cirugía reconstructiva, el labio y paladara hendido unilateral (LPHU) representa un reto quirúrgico complejo cuando la brecha es mayor a 10 mm. En países de recursos limitados, la distancia geográfica, falta de centros de referencia multidisciplinarios, recursos económicos de las familias y actualmente, la pandemia; limita el acceso de pacientes al tratamiento prequirúrgico. El presente estudio descriptivo reporta 2 casos de LPHU completo, de similar tamaño por inspección visual profesional, sexo masculino, no asociados a síndrome. El propósito del mismo es hacer una revisión de dos técnicas de ortopedia prequirúrgica: Placa de Ortopedia Funcional Maxilar (OFM)-Moldeado Nasal (MN); y el Retractor Nasal (RN)-Taping, como alternativa de tratamiento a distancia. El paciente con placa OFM-MN fue tratado en el 2015, presencial, el paciente con RN-Taping, en el 2021 por telemedicina y un promotor de salud capacitado. Los resultados de simetría nasal y maxilar se midieron con software ImageJ, a través de 4 mediciones lineales y una angular, basadas en el método descrito por Barillas y de mediciones lineales realizadas a los modelos de yeso como las propuestas por Mazaheri. Las técnicas descritas para ambos pacientes lograron disminuir el ancho de la hendidura y moldear el cartílago alar del lado hendido. La técnica OFM-MN mostró ventajas en el desarrollo del arco maxilar promoviendo aumento de volumen de hueso y desarrollo en los tres planos del espacio sin colapso del arco. La técnica RN-Taping, restringió el arco maxilar, sin embargo, podría ser una alternativa de tratamiento a distancia.
Apesar dos avanços na cirurgia reconstrutiva, a fenda labiopalatina unilateral (LPHU) representa um desafio cirúrgico complexo quando o gap é maior que 10 mm. Em países com recursos limitados, distância geográfica, falta de centros de referência multidisciplinares, recursos econômicos das famílias e, atualmente, a pandemia; limita o acesso do paciente ao tratamento pré-cirúrgico. O presente estudo descritivo relata 2 casos de LPHU completa, de tamanho semelhante por inspeção visual profissional, do sexo masculino, não associada à síndrome. Seu objetivo é revisar duas técnicas ortopédicas pré-cirúrgicas: Placa Ortopédica Funcional Maxilar (OFM) - Moldagem Nasal (MN); e o Retrator Nasal (RN)-Taping, como alternativa de tratamento remoto. O paciente com placa OFM-MN foi atendido em 2015, pessoalmente, o paciente com RN-Taping, em 2021 por telemedicina e promotor de saúde treinado. Os resultados da simetria nasal e maxilar foram medidos com o software ImageJ, por meio de 4 medidas lineares e uma angular, com base no método descrito por Barillas e medidas lineares feitas nos modelos de gesso como os propostos por Mazaheri. As técnicas descritas para ambos os pacientes foram capazes de reduzir a largura da fenda e moldar a cartilagem alar do lado da fenda. A técnica OFM-MN apresentou vantagens no desenvolvimento do arco superior, promovendo aumento do volume ósseo e desenvolvimento nos três planos do espaço sem colapso do arco. A técnica RN-Tapingrestringiu a arcada superior, porém pode ser uma alternativa para tratamento remoto.
Despite the advances in reconstructive surgery, unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) represents a complex surgical challenge when greater than 10 mm. In low resource settings, distance, lack of multidisciplinary centers, low income and currently, the pandemic; limits patients to access to presurgical treatment. This study reports 2 cases of complete UCLP, similar in size by professional visual inspection, male, not associated with any syndromes. The purpose is to review two presurgical orthopedic techniques: Maxillary Functional Orthopedic Plate (MFO) -Nasal Molding (NM) and Nasal Retractor (NR) -Taping as a teledentistry alternative. The patient with the FMO-NM plate was treated in 2015, in person; the NR-Taping patient, in 2021, by telemedicine and a trained health promoter. The results of nasal and maxillary symmetry were measured with ImageJ software, through 4 linear measurements and one angular, based on the method described by Barillas and linear measurements made on the plaster models such as those proposed by Mazaheri. The techniques described for both patients were able to reduce the width of the cleft and mold the alar cartilage on the cleft side. The OFM-MN technique showed advantages in the development of the maxillary arch by guiding growth and development in the three planes of the space without collapse of the arch. The NR-Taping technique restricted the maxillary arch but is an alternative to remote treatment
