RAM cannula with Cannulaide versus Hudson prongs for delivery of nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants: an RCT.

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) is the standard non-invasive respiratory support for newborns with respiratory distress. Nasal injury is a common problem with the interfaces used. To compare the incidence and severity of nasal injury in neonates with respiratory distress and supported on nCPAP with Hudson prong or RAM cannula with Cannulaide, a semipermeable membrane. This is an open-label, parallel-arm, gestational age-stratified, bi-centric, randomized control trial including neonates between 28 and 34 weeks gestational age and birth weight > 1000 g needing nCPAP. The size of the interface was chosen as per the manufacturer's recommendation. Of the 229 neonates enrolled, 112 were randomized to RAM cannula with Cannulaide and 117 to Hudson prong. The baseline characteristics were similar. Any nasal injury at CPAP removal was significantly lower in the RAM cannula with Cannulaide group [6 (5.4%) vs. 31 (26.4%); risk ratio-0.77 (95% CI 0.69-0.87); p = 0.0001]. The incidence of moderate to severe nasal injury, need for mechanical ventilation within 72 h of age, duration of oxygen, and requirement of nCPAP for > 3 days were similar. For preterm infants on nCPAP, RAM cannula with Cannulaide, compared to Hudson prongs, decreases nasal injury without increasing the need for mechanical ventilation.Trail registration: CTRI/2019/03/018333, http://www.ctri.nic.in .

Significance of corneal arcus.

The corneal arcus consists of cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides. As serum triglyceride is one of the accurate of lipid metabolic state, greater importance was given, and it was found to be elevated in 72% of patients and a positive correlation with increasing age. This suggests a strong correlation between impairment of lipid metabolism and incidence of corneal arcus.

A clinical study of retinoblastoma.

AIM: The aim was to analyze general incidence, age incidence, laterality, common mode of presentation, staging of the tumor, radiological evidence, histopathological confirmation, management and follow-up of cases, which were diagnosed as retinoblastoma. DESIGN: Interventional case series study from April 1997 to March 2000. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Detailed history regarding the symptoms such as white reflex, watering, pain, redness, protrusion of eyeball, squint, hyphema, and defective vision were obtained. Family history regarding consanguinity between parents, health of the siblings and other relatives were recorded. Ocular examination included vision, pupillary reaction, detailed fundus examination, ocular tension, and corneal diameter. Investigations included X-ray orbit and skull, computed tomography scan orbit and brain, B-scan orbit, serum and aqueous lactate dehydrogenase; enucleated eyes were subjected to holoprosencephaly (HPE). Enucleation, radiotherapy, cryotherapy and chemotherapy were modalities of treatment. The empty socket and the other apparently normal eye were examined carefully at each visit. RESULTS: The incidence of retinoblastoma is less when compared to other diseases of the eye. There was no sex predilection. Most of the cases diagnosed were sporadic and unilateral. Age of onset is earlier for bilateral cases than unilateral cases. Consanguinity bears close relationship with bilateral involvement. Predominant clinical sign is white reflex in the pupillary area. Majority of cases presented in the second stage of the disease. Enucleation plays a greater role in the management of retinoblastoma. HPE should include several sections of the optic nerve to find out skip lesions.

Bilateral angle closure glaucoma following general anaesthesia.

Angle closure glaucoma is one of the ophthalmic emergencies and treatment has to be given at the earliest. It is a rare complication of general anesthesia. A female patient underwent Hysterectomy under general anesthesia. Following this, patient developed bilateral angle closure glaucoma. This patient was treated with antiglaucoma medications followed by YAG laser iridotomy and patient regained vision.