RESUMO
PURPOSE: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycemia that results by relative or absolute insulin deficiency. Hearing disorders is common otological disorders in diabetic patients. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of hearing impairment among DM patients and its association with diabetes complications and blood sugar control. METHODS: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from 2016 to 2017 on 81 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), aged 40-65 years who were referred to Yazd diabetic research center. Air conduction pure tone hearing thresholds were obtained for each ear at frequencies of 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 Hz. We defined hearing impairment as the pure-tone average ≥ 25 dB hearing level of pure-tone thresholds at low frequencies (500; 1000; and 2000 Hz) and high frequencies (4000 and 8000 Hz. The demographic data and diabetes complications frequency were gathered. All statistical analysis was done in SPSS 22. RESULTS: The mean (±SD) age of participants was 56.38 ± 5.68 years (range 40-65 years), 32(39.5%) were males and 49(60.5%) were females. The prevalence of hearing loss in high frequency in right ear was higher in male (p value = 0.047). The grade of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy were significantly associated with hearing impairment in high frequency in both ears (p value<0.05). Finally, the results showed that even after adjustment of confounding variables using logistic regression analysis there were no relationship between hearing impairment and variables in both ears. CONCLUSION: The hearing impairment was associated with diabetes complications as retinopathy and nephropathy. The association was significant in high frequency.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Despite the certain role of both vitamin D and adiponectin in the regulation of insulin sensitivity, the interaction between these two agents has remained uncertain. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to determine whether vitamin D is able to change plasma adiponectin and affect glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in first-degree relatives of subjects with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: This randomized clinical trial was conducted at Clinic of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd, Iran, from January 25, 2012 to December 25, 2014. In this randomized, double-blinded controlled trial, 64 first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients were assigned randomly to receive either vitamin D supplement (50000 IU vitamin D tablet weekly) plus lifestyle change as the intervention group (n = 32) or placebo plus lifestyle change as the control group (n = 32) for twelve weeks (three months). RESULTS: Fifty-three patients (28 in the intervention group and 25 in the control group) completed the study. Serum levels of vitamin D increased while insulin level and consequently insulin resistance (calculated by HOMA formula) significantly decreased in the case group (p-value <0.001 for all variables). Although the values of these three biomarkers showed a slight increase in control group, the changes were not statistically significant. The levels of the changes in other markers including adiponectin, Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), triglyceride, and total cholesterol remained insignificant in both study groups after completing interventions compared with before interventions. CONCLUSION: This study showed that decreased insulin resistance is expected by administrating vitamin D supplement in first-degree relatives of the patients with diabetes mellitus. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (http://www.irct.ir) with the IRCT ID: 201105176430N1. FUNDING: The authors received no financial support for the research or publication of this article.
