Pivotal Role of Quantum Dots in the Advancement of Healthcare Research.

The quantum dot is a kind of nanoparticle whose dimension is smaller than the size of a typical nanoparticle ranging from tens of nanometers to a few hundredths of nanometers. The quantum mechanical behavior associated with the quantum dot displays different optical and electronic properties, enabling the quantum dot to find potential applications in a multitude of areas such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, lasers, and biomedical applications. The objective of this investigation is to explore its fundamentals, synthesis, and applications, especially in the healthcare domain. We have discussed the quantum dot synthesis techniques using chemical methods, namely, wet-chemical methods and vapor-phase methods and plasma processing methods, namely, an ion sputtering method and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition method. We have thoroughly investigated the application of quantum dots in imaging, diagnostics, and gene therapy areas. A significant outcome of this review is to propose quantum dots as a new modality in the treatment of cancer and gene therapeutics in the healthcare domain and the potentials of artificial intelligence to improve their performance via the applications of neural networks.

Denoising Medical Images Using Machine Learning, Deep Learning Approaches: A Survey.

OBJECTIVE: Several denoising methods for medical images have been applied, such as Wavelet Transform, CNN, linear and Non-linear methods. METHODS: In this paper, A median filter algorithm will be modified and the image denoising method to wavelet transform and Non-local means (NLM), deep convolutional neural network (Dn- CNN), Gaussian noise, and Salt and pepper noise used in the medical image is explained. RESULTS: PSNR values of the CNN method are higher and showed better results than different filters (Adaptive Wiener filter, Median filter, and Adaptive Median filter, Wiener filter). CONCLUSION: Denoising methods performance with indices SSIM, PSNR, and MSE have been tested, and the results of simulation image denoising are also presented in this article.

Computer-aided Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: A Review.

Cancer is currently one of the main health issues in the world. Among different varieties of cancers, skin cancer is the most common cancer in the world and accounts for 75% of the world's cancer. Indeed, skin cancer involves abnormal changes in the outer layer of the skin. Although most people with skin cancer recover, it is one of the major concerns of people due to its high prevalence. Most types of skin cancers grow only locally and invade adjacent tissues, but some of them, especially melanoma (cancer of the pigment cells), which is the rarest type of skin cancer, may spread through the circulatory system or lymphatic system and reach the farthest points of the body. Many papers have been reviewed about the application of image processing in cancer detection. In this paper, the automatic skin cancer detection and also different steps of such a process have been discussed based on the implantation capabilities.

Broadband all-optical microwave photonics phase detector.

A microwave photonics phase detector is conceived and practically demonstrated. The phase-detector system employs a semiconductor optical amplifier as a four-wave mixer to enable phase detection over a broad frequency range. The system behavior is first mathematically modeled and then demonstrated practically. Phase measurement over a frequency range of 1-18 GHz is achieved. This phase detector is an excellent candidate for wideband applications such as frequency-agile radar.

Photonic simultaneous frequency identification of radio-frequency signals with multiple tones.

A photonic approach to instantaneously identify frequency components of microwave signals with multiple tones is conceived and practically demonstrated. A mathematical model was first developed to predict the behavior of the system. Then the system operation was tested in practice. The system employs a double mixing technique that enables high-frequency measurement without the need for any high-frequency RF component or broadband photodetector. The system operation was demonstrated over a frequency range of 0.1-40 GHz. Frequency measurement of two simultaneous RF tones is demonstrated; however, the system has the potential to be expanded to measure a larger number of simultaneous RF tones. It also has the potential to operate over a wider frequency range.

Reconfigurable photonic radar warning receiver based on cascaded grating.

A photonic radar warning receiver was conceived and practically demonstrated. The system was very flexible in terms of frequency measurement range and resolution. This was achieved using a cascaded grating which provided different time delays for different wavelengths. The system was thus able to become reconfigured to operate at both broadband, low resolution and narrow band, high resolution modes.