Laryngeal cancer incidence trends in the United States over 2000-2020: a population-based analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Laryngeal cancers account for one-third of all head and neck cancers. We aimed to report the incidence trends of laryngeal cancer over 2000-2020 in the United States (US), by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and histological subtypes. METHODS: Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 22 database were used to identify patients with laryngeal cancer based on the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, version 3. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) for laryngeal cancer, adjusted for reporting delays, were calculated. The Joinpoint Regression Program was then utilized to determine annual percent changes (APCs) and average annual percent changes (AAPCs) in the trends. The analysis excluded data from 2020 to prevent potential bias related to the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: A total of 104,991 cases of laryngeal cancer were identified in the US from 2000 to 2019. Squamous cell carcinoma was the predominant subtype, accounting for 94.53% of cases. Above 73.20% occurred among non-Hispanic whites, with the highest incidence observed among individuals aged 55-69 years (46.71%). The ASIRs were 5.98 and 1.25 per 100,000 population for men and women, respectively. Over 2000-2019, there was a significant reduction in ASIRs for laryngeal cancer in both sexes. Non-Hispanic black men exhibited the highest ASIR (9.13 per 100,000) and the largest decline in the ASIRs over 2000-2019 (AAPC: -3.26%). CONCLUSIONS: Laryngeal cancer incidence rates showed a decline from 2000 to 2019, in addition to 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additional research is required to investigate risk factors and their influence on incidence rates of laryngeal cancer.

A population-based study on incidence trends of kidney and renal pelvis cancers in the United States over 2000-2020.

Cancers of the kidney and renal pelvis are among the most prevalent types of urinary cancers. We aimed to outline the incidence trends of kidney and renal pelvis cancers by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and histology in the United States (US) from 2000 to 2020. The data was obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 22 database. The identification of patients with kidney and renal pelvis cancers with morphologies of renal cell carcinoma, nephroblastoma, sarcoma, and neuroendocrine tumor was conducted utilizing the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology version 3. The average annual percent change (AAPC) were presented. All estimates were given in the form of counts and delayed age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) per 100,000 people. From 2000 to 2019, a total of 490,481 cases of kidney and renal pelvic cancer were recorded across all age groups in the US. The majority of them were among Non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs) (69.75%) and those aged 55-69 years (39.96%). The ASIRs per 100,000 for kidney and pelvis cancers were 22.03 for men and 11.14 for women. Non-Hispanic Black men had the highest ASIR (24.53 [24.24, 24.81]), and increase in ASIR over the 2000-2019 period (AAPC: 2.19% [1.84, 2.84]). There was a noticeable increase in incidence of kidney and renal pelvis cancers. Individuals aged 70-84 years had the highest ASIR for kidney and renal pelvis cancers. The COVID-19 era has resulted in a significant reduction in incidence rates across all demographics.

A population-based study on incidence trends of myeloma in the United States over 2000-2020.

Myeloma is one of the most common types of haematological malignancies. We aimed to investigate the incidence rates of myeloma by sex, race, age, and histological subgroups in the United States (US) over 2000-2020. Data were retrieved from the the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 22 database. The International Classification of Diseases for Oncology version 3 morphological codes 9731, 9732, and 9734 were assigned for solitary plasmacytoma of bone, plasma cell myeloma, and extraosseous plasmacytoma, respectively. Average annual percent change (AAPC) and the pairwise comparison with the parallelism and coincidence were reported. All estimates were reported as counts and age-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 individuals. Over 2000-2019, most of myeloma cases were among those aged at least 55 years (85.51%), men (54.82%), and non-Hispanic Whites (66.67%). Among different subtypes, plasma cell myeloma with 193,530 cases had the highest frequency over the same period. Also, there was a significant decrease in the age-standardized incidence rate of myeloma across all races/ethnicities in both sexes within all age groups (AAPC: - 8.02; 95% confidence interval (CI): - 10.43 to - 5.61) and those aged < 55 (AAPC: - 8.64; 95% CI - 11.02 to - 6.25) from 2019 to November 2020. The overall trends of myeloma incidence rates were not parallel, nor identical. There was an increase in myeloma incidence in both sexes, with a highly increasing rate, particularly among younger Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black women over 2000-2019. However, a remarkable decline was observed in the incidence rates following the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.

Burden of tension-type headache in the Middle East and North Africa region, 1990-2019.

INTRODUCTION: Tension-type headache (TTH) is the most prevalent neurological disorder. As there is a gap in the literature regarding the disease burden attributable to TTH in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, the aim of the present study was to report the epidemiological indicators of TTH in MENA, from 1990 to 2019, by sex, age and socio-demographic index (SDI). METHODS: Publicly available data on the point prevalence, annual incidence and years lived with disability (YLDs) were retrieved from the global burden of disease (GBD) 2019 study for the 21 countries and territories in MENA, between 1990 and 2019. The results were presented with numbers and age-standardised rates per 100000 population, along with their corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). RESULTS: In 2019, the age-standardised point prevalence and annual incidence rates for TTH in the MENA region were 24504.5 and 8680.1 per 100000, respectively, which represents a 2.0% and a 0.9% increase over 1990-2019, respectively. The age-standardised YLD rate of TTH in this region in 2019 was estimated to be 68.1 per 100000 population, which has increased 1.0% since 1990. Iran [29640.4] had the highest age-standardised point prevalence rate for TTH, while Turkey [21726.3] had the lowest. In 2019, the regional point prevalence of TTH was highest in the 35-39 and 70-74 age groups, for males and females, respectively. Furthermore, the number of prevalent cases was estimated to be highest in those aged 35-39 and 25-29 years, in both males and females, respectively. Moreover, the burden of TTH was not observed to have a clear association with SDI. CONCLUSIONS: While the prevalence of TTH in the MENA region increased from 1990 to 2019, the incidence rate did not change. In addition, the burden of TTH in MENA was higher than at the global level for both sexes and all age groups. Therefore, prevention of TTH would help alleviate the attributable burden imposed on the hundreds of millions of people suffering from TTH around the region.

Association between perceived stress, fear and anxiety of COVID 19 with self-care in pregnant women: a cross-sectional study.

Pandemic COVID-19 has negative effects on the mental health of all people, especially pregnant women. This study aimed to determine the psychological effects of COVID-19 on self-care in pregnant women. The Cross-sectional study using the Multistage sampling technique was conducted among 215 pregnant women selected randomly from the Iranian Integrated Health System in 2020. Data were collected using demographic and obstetrics questionnaires, Pregnancy Self-Care Scale, Fear of COVID-19, COVID-19 Anxiety Scale(CDAS), and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) by the self-report method. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 21 with Pearson correlation test and multivariable linear regression.The Mean (Standard Deviation (SD)) of Fear, anxiety, perceived stress, and self-care was 20.85(6.45), 18.20(10.45), 31.16 (7.65) and 40.84(4.11), respectively. The correlational analyses showed small positive significant associations between Fear (r=0.20; P=0.004) and anxiety of COVID-19 (r=0.14; P=0.03)with self-car but the association between perceived stress and self-care was small negative significant (r= -0.14; P=0.04). Based on regression analysis, 11% of the self-care changes could be explained by three independent variables (ß= 0.130, SE= 0.043, P=0.002). Based on the findings, pregnant women may benefit from psychoeducation that focuses on the effect of mental health problems on pregnant women.

Association between Perceived Social Support and Health-Promoting lifestyle in Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction: Adopting health-promoting lifestyle might be affected by a variety of factors. The existing evidence suggests that social support can improve health by fulfilling physical and mental needs. This study aimed to investigate the association between social support and health-promoting lifestyle in Pregnancy. Methods: Using multistage cluster sampling method, this cross-sectional study was conducted on 360 pregnant women. Data were collected using three questionnaires, including a self-reported demographic and obstetric, health-promoting lifestyle profile and perceived social support questionnaires. Data were analyzed using a t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, and multivariate linear regression model with SPSS software ver. 21 with. Results: The mean (SD) of health-promoting behaviors was 135.21(20.03). Amongst the different dimensions of health-promoting behaviors, the highest mean was detected in spiritual growth 26.84 (4.90) and nutrition 26.17 (4.22), respectively. Meanwhile, the lowest scores were detected in sub-domains of stress management 19.80 (3.78) and physical activity 16.71(4.14), respectively. The mean (SD) of perceived social support was 60.31 (14.75), and 51.7% of the participants had intermediate social support. Results indicated a significant difference between the mean score of Health-Promoting Lifestyle at different levels of social support. There was a direct and significant association between the scores of social support and health-promoting behavior (r=0.36; P<0.001). Conclusion: Pregnant women with better perception of social support had a better performance in adopting health-promoting Lifestyle. However, the status of health behaviors and social support was not favorable. Thus, there is a need to intervene and design programs to help pregnant women and improve their health.

Prevalence of obesity and association between body mass index and different aspects of lifestyle in medical sciences students: A cross-sectional study.

Aim: The global obesity pandemic is a major health problem with adverse effects on physical and mental health. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of obesity and the association between BMI and different aspects of lifestyle. Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: Data collected from 380 medical sciences students using demographic characteristics and Eating Behavior, Physical Activity and Perceived Stress Questionnaires were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, namely analysis of variance (ANOVA), t test, Pearson's test and multivariate linear regression model. Results: The prevalence of obesity and overweight was 3.2% and 25.3%, respectively. There was a positive and significant statistical association between emotional eating (r = .542), extrinsic eating (r = .488) and perceived stress (r = .489) with BMI, also significant and an inverse association was obtained between emotional eating (r = -.488) and total physical activity score (r = -.394) with BMI. Factors such as sex, total physical activity score and leisure time activity, external eating behaviours, emotional eating, restricted eating and perceived stress had a significant role in explaining BMI changes. Conclusion: There is a need to develop interventions to improve dietary behaviours, management stress and access to sports facilities by health-promoting activities and the provision of online health resources.

The effectiveness of healthy lifestyle interventions on weight gain in overweight pregnant women: A cluster-randomized controlled trial.

Aim: Interventions based on adopting a healthy lifestyle have been less successful. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of healthy lifestyle interventions on weight gain in overweight pregnant women. Design: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Methods: Health centres were selected by simple random sampling; then, 66 overweight pregnant women were enrolled by convenience sampling and divided into intervention and comparison groups. Intervention group received individual nutritional counselling and physical activity training. The data were collected in several stages with the demographic and obstetric questionnaire, maternal weight record, food frequency and international physical activity questionnaire. Results: Pregnancy weight gain-4.75(CI 95%: -4.02, -5.48) was significantly lower in the intervention group (p < .001). Comparing between groups with adjustment for baseline values indicated that there was a statistically significant difference in terms of total calorie 95.46 (CI 95%: -22.37, 213.30), carbohydrate 23.45 (CI 95%: 2.12, 44.78), protein -7.16 (CI 95%: -12.85, -1.47) and fat 8.82 (CI 95%: 2.21, 15.67) intake. Despite the higher level of physical activity in the intervention group, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: Counselling interventions for healthy living during pregnancy can lead to controlling weight gain, improving dietary habits and increasing the physical activity in overweight pregnant women.

Explaining the experience of prenatal care and investigating the association between psychological factors with self-care in pregnant women during COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed method study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel global public health emergency. Prenatal care (PNC) providing institutes should identify the needs and demands of pregnant women by optimizing the means of PNC services during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aims to: a) explain prenatal care experiences; b) assess the factors affecting self-care, and c) present a prenatal care guideline and Strategies to improve the PNC. METHODS: This mixed-methods study with a sequential explanatory design consists of three phases. The first phase is a qualitative study exploring the prenatal care experiences among pregnant women. In this phase, the subjects will be selected through purposive sampling; moreover, in-depth individual interviewing will be used for data collection. Finally, the conventional content analysis approach will be employed for data analysis. The second phase is quantitative and will be used as a cross-sectional approach for assessing the association between psychological factors of self-care. In this regard, a multistage cluster sampling method will be used to select 215 subjects who will be visited in health care centers of Tabriz, Iran. The third phase will be focusing on developing a prenatal care guideline and Strategies, using the qualitative and quantitative results of the previous phases, a review of the related literature, and the nominal group technique will be performed among experts. DISCUSSION: The present research is the first study to investigate the prenatal care experiences and factors influencing self-care among pregnant women during COVID-19 pandemic. For the purposes of the study, a mixed-methods approach will be used which aims to develop strategies for improving health care services. It is hoped that the strategy proposed in the current study could lead to improvements in this regard. ETHICAL CODE: IR.TBZMED.REC.1399.003.

Explaining breastfeeding experiences and assessing factors affecting breastfeeding self-efficacy in mothers of premature infants: a mixed method study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding has a great effect on health promotion and disease prevention in premature infants. However, various factors affect the success of breastfeeding process in mothers. The present study aims to: a) explain breastfeeding experiences; b) assess the factors affecting breastfeeding self-efficacy; and c) present a guideline for promoting breastfeeding in mothers of premature infants. METHODS: This mixed-methods study with a sequential explanatory design consisted of three phases. The first phase is qualitative study to explore the breastfeeding experiences in mothers of premature infants. In this phase, the subjects will be selected through purposive sampling; moreover, in-depth individual interviewing will be used for data collection. Finally, the conventional content analysis approach will be employed for data analysis. The second phase is quantitative and will be used a cross-sectional approach to assess the association of the social determinants of health with breastfeeding self-efficacy in mothers of premature infants. In this phase, the multistage cluster sampling method will be used to select 360 subjects who will be visited healthcare centers in Tabriz, Iran. The third phase focused on developing strategies to increase the ability of mothers to breastfeed their premature infants, using the qualitative and quantitative results of previous phases, a review of the related literature, and the nominal group technique will be performed among experts. DISCUSSION: The present research is the first study that investigated the experiences of breastfeeding and factors influencing breastfeeding self-efficacy in mothers of premature infants. For the purposes of the study, the mixed methods approach will be used which aimed to develop strategies for the improvement of healthcare services in this regard. It is worth noting that there is no strategic guideline in Iran's healthcare system for the improvement of breastfeeding, especially regarding mothers of premature infants. Therefore, it is hoped that the strategy proposed in the current study can lead to improvements in this regard. ETHICAL CODE: IR.TBZMED.REC.1398.100.

Assessment of adherence to therapy and exploring of barriers and facilitators in HIV positive patients in Tabriz-Iran: a mixed method study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Adherence to therapy is a key predictor of the success of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment. There is limited information available from Iran about that and there is a need for more knowledge about factors influencing treatment adherence. The aim of this study is to examine adherence levels and to explore patients' views about barriers and facilitators to HIV treatment adherence. METHODS: This mixed-method study with the sequential explanatory design has two phases. The first phase (quantitative phase) is a cross- sectional study to assess the in Tabriz, the sixth large city of Iran. A convenience sampling method will be used to select 150 HIV positive patients who visit health centers in Tabriz. The second phase is a qualitative study designed to explore the HIV positive patients' views of barriers and facilitators that can affect their adherence to therapy. In this phase, purposive sampling and in-depth individual interviews will be conducted for data collection. The conventional content analysis approach will be employed for data analysis. In addition to literature review and nominal group technique, the findings of the qualitative and quantitative phases, will be used to recommend some strategies to support adherence to therapy in HIV positive patients. DISCUSSION: This is the first study looking into adherence to therapy and exploring of factors influencing in HIV positive patients which will be performed via a mixed-method approach, aiming to develop health practices improvement strategies. It is worth noting that there is no strategic guideline in Iran's health system for improvement of treatment adherence in HIV positive patients. Health professionals and policy makers can be aware of factors influencing HIV treatment adherence. Therefore, it is hoped that the strategy proposed in the current study can lead to improvements their ability to treatment adherence.