Health inequalities and the impact on the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and chronic complications in Argentina: a study on national risk factors surveys. / Desigualdades en salud, su impacto sobre la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y el desarrollo de sus complicaciones crónicas en Argentina: estudio sobre Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo.

BACKGROUND: In Argentina, there is evidence of health inequalities, measured both at the general level and also using income as a parameter of social status. However, few studies address the issue of health equality in chronic diseases such as cardiovascular risk factors. OBJECTIVE: To describe health inequalities, using cardiovascular risk factors as a tracer for chronic diseases in different areas of the country and over time. In addition, we aim to identify differences in the quality of care provided to people with cardiovascular risk factors, between 2005 and 2009. METHODS: This is an observational study, which used descriptive and quantitative methods. Data from the National Risk Factors Survey from 2005 and 2009 in the cohorts who have chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and overweight/obesity) were analyzed to assess associations between health status and several demographic, epidemiological and socioeconomic variables. Additionally, clinical and metabolic characteristics of people with diabetes and other cardiovascular risks factors were analyzed in 2005 and 2009 using the database Quality of Diabetes Care (QUALIDIAB). RESULTS: Cardiovascular risk factors are more frequent in people with lower socioeconomic status, regardless of the indicator. The inequalities detected showed the worst indicators in strata with lower education and income, with the same results both nationwide and separated by region. This inequalities were more pronounced in 2009, and their magnitude changed by region and cardiovascular risk factor. From 2005 to 2009, body mass index, blood glucose and HbA1c value increased. In contrast, both systolic blood pressure and triglycerides decreased, with no significant changes in total cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular risk factors present inequalities attributed to social status manifesting at both national and regional levels.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Argentina muestra evidencia de desigualdades en salud medida, tanto a nivel general como utilizando el ingreso como parámetro de posición social. Sin embargo, pocos estudios abordan la problemática de la equidad en salud a nivel de enfermedades crónicas como los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. OBJETIVO: Describir las desigualdades en salud utilizando como trazador de enfermedades crónicas a los factores de riesgo cardiovascular a nivel subnacional y su evolución temporal. Para complementar, se busca identificar las diferencias en la calidad de atención brindada a personas con factores de riesgo cardiovascular entre 2005 y 2009. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional y cuantitativo basado en métodos descriptivos. Se analizó la Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo 2005 y 2009 para evaluar hipertensión, diabetes, dislipemia y sobrepeso/obesidad en las cohortes correspondientes, las asociaciones entre el estado de salud y diversas variables demográficas, epidemiológicas y socioeconómicas. Adicionalmente, y utilizando la base de datos del registro Quality of Diabetes Care (QUALIDIAB), se analizaron las características clínicas y metabólicas de las personas con diabetes y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular en los años 2005 y 2009. RESULTADOS: Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular se presentan más frecuentemente en personas con menor posición socioeconómica, independientemente del indicador considerado. Las desigualdades detectadas mostraron peores indicadores en los estratos con educación e ingreso más bajo, manifestándose tanto a nivel nacional como regional. En general, son más acentuadas en el año 2009. Su magnitud varió según región y factor de riesgo cardiovascular considerado. De 2005 a 2009, se incrementan los valores de índice de masa corporal, glucemia y hemoglobina glicosilada, disminuyeron los de presión arterial sistólica y los triglicéridos, sin cambios significativos en el colesterol total y presión arterial diastólica. CONCLUSIONES: En nuestro medio, los factores de riesgo cardiovascular presentan desigualdades condicionadas por su posición social, manifestándose tanto a nivel nacional como regional.

Direct and indirect costs associated to type 2 diabetes and its complications measured in a social security institution of Argentina.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate direct and indirect costs of care of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and its complications in Argentina, and compare them with those recorded in people without diabetes (ND). METHODS: Observational retrospective case-control study performed in one institution of the Social Security System of Argentina. Participants were identified and randomly selected from the Institution's electronic medical records. We recruited persons with T2DM with (387) or without (387) chronic complications and 774 ND, matched by age and gender. Data were obtained by telephone interviews and supplemented with data from the Institution's records. Parametric and non-parametric tests were used for group comparisons. RESULTS: Direct costs were higher in people with T2DM than in ND: twice as high in people with T2DM without complications and 3.6 times in those with complications. Absenteeism was only higher in T2DM with complications, but there were no differences among groups either in the duration or in the cost of such absenteeism. CONCLUSIONS: T2DM and the development of its complications are positively associated with higher direct costs in Argentina.

Association between socioeconomic status, type 2 diabetes and its chronic complications in Argentina.

AIM: To compare the socioeconomic status (SES) of people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in Argentina (Córdoba) with and without major chronic complications of diabetes, with that recorded in persons without diabetes matched by age and gender. METHODS: For this descriptive and analytic case-control study, potential candidates were identified from the electronic records of one institution of the Social Security System of the city of Córdoba. We identified and recruited 387 persons each with T2DM with or without chronic complications and 774 gender- and age-matched persons without T2DM (recruitment rate, 83%). Data were obtained by telephone interviews and supplemented with data from the institution's records. Group comparisons were performed with parametric or non-parametric tests as appropriate. We used ordinary least squares to regress household income and the difference between income and household expenses on diabetes status, age, sex, education and body mass index. RESULTS: Persons with T2DM, particularly those with complications, reported fewer years of general education (13.6±4.2 years vs. 12.2±4.4 years), a lower percentage of full time jobs (43.0% vs. 26.9%), lower salaries and monthly household income among those with full-time jobs (> 5000 ARG$: 52.6% vs. 24.5%), and a higher propensity to spend more money than they earned (expenditure/income ratio≥1: 10.2% vs. 16.0%). The percentage of unmarried people was also higher among people with type 2 diabetes (7.0% vs. 10.9%). CONCLUSION: T2DM and the development of its complications are each positively associated with lower SES and greater economic distress in Argentina.