Chronic pelvic pain among transgender men and gender diverse adults assigned female at birth.

BACKGROUND: There are limited data on pelvic pain among transgender men and gender diverse people, and the impact of testosterone on pelvic pain is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: Characterize the prevalence and correlates of chronic pelvic pain (CPP) among transgender men and gender diverse people and examine the association between testosterone use and CPP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used 2020-2022 data from The Population Research in Identity and Disparities for Equality (PRIDE) Study, an online prospective cohort study of sexual and gender minority adults in the United States, to conduct complementary cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Our primary outcome was self-reported CPP lasting 3 months or longer measured using the Michigan Body Map. RESULTS: Among 2579 transgender men and gender diverse people assigned female at birth included in our sample, 457 (18%) reported CPP. CPP correlates included: inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), kidney stones, pelvic inflammatory disease, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), uterine fibroids, current hormonal intrauterine device use, prior pregnancy, vaginal delivery, hysterectomy, and oophorectomy. Individuals with CPP reported a high prevalence of IBS (37%), PCOS (20%), uterine fibroids (9%), post-traumatic stress disorder (51%), and severe depression and anxiety symptoms (42% and 25%, respectively). Current testosterone use was associated with a 21% lower prevalence of CPP (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.65-0.96). In longitudinal analyses (N = 79), 15 (19%) participants reported any CPP after initiating testosterone: eight (56%) of whom reported CPP prior to testosterone initiation, and seven (47%) who reported new-onset CPP. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between CPP and testosterone is complex. Although testosterone use was associated with a lower prevalence of CPP, some transgender and gender diverse individuals experienced new-onset pelvic pain after testosterone initiation. Given the significant impact that CPP can have on mental health and quality of life, future research must examine the role of testosterone in specific underlying etiologies of CPP and identify potential therapies.

Clinical investigation of fertility after uterine artery embolization.

BACKGROUND: Uterine artery embolization is an effective and safe technique for the treatment of uterine fibroids, but its use remains controversial for women who wish to procreate. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to study the clinical, anatomic, and obstetrical results of uterine artery embolization in patients of childbearing age not eligible for myomectomy. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study of 398 female patients under the age of 43 years who were treated by uterine artery embolization between 2003 and 2017 for symptomatic fibroids and/or adenomyosis. Uterine artery embolization was performed according to a standardized procedure (fertility-sparing uterine artery embolization technique), with ovarian protection in the event of dangerous utero-ovarian anastomosis. Magnetic resonance imaging and pelvic ultrasounds were performed before and after uterine artery embolization. RESULTS: The overall clinical success rate (ie, resolution of preembolization symptoms such as heavy menstrual bleeding, iron-deficiency anemia, pelvic pressure) was 91.2%, and there were no major complications. One year after uterine artery embolization, we observed a mean 73% reduction in myoma volume. A total of 108 patients (49.3%) presented with dangerous utero-ovarian anastomosis and 33 (14.5%) benefited from ovarian protection. In our group, there were 148 pregnancies and 109 live births; 74 children were born at term; 23 were born preterm, on average at 35.12±2.78 weeks. Including preterm births, the mean birthweight and birth length of the children were within normal limits. Restoration of uterine anatomy and ovarian protection were identified as the main predictive factors for obstetrical success. Restoration was also a major predictive factor for clinical success and was associated with a lower rate of miscarriage. CONCLUSION: This study provided detailed clinical and obstetrical outcomes for 398 female patients who underwent uterine artery embolization for fibroid treatment; it contributes to the identification of anatomic and technical factors that could have an impact on fertility after uterine artery embolization. Further controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm our findings and reevaluate this procedure's indications and limitations for women with a desire to procreate.

Chronic Pelvic Pain Educational Experience Among Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery Fellows and Recent Graduates: A Needs Assessment.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Learning to evaluate and treat chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is an established curriculum objective within the Fellowship in Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery (FMIGS). Our aim was to investigate current educational experiences related to the evaluation and management of CPP and the impacts of those experiences on FMIGS fellows and recent fellowship graduates, including satisfaction, confidence in management, and clinical interest in CPP. DESIGN: The AAGL-Elevating Gynecologic Surgery Special Interest Group for pelvic pain developed a 33-item survey tool to investigate the following topics: (1) current educational experiences with the assessment and management of patients with CPP, (2) satisfaction with fellowship training in CPP, (3) perceived preparedness to treat patients with CPP, (4) plans to incorporate management of CPP into clinical practice, and (5) perceived desires to expand CPP exposure. Composite scores were created to examine experiences related to diseases associated with CPP and pharmaceutical and procedural treatment options. SETTING: Electronic survey. PATIENTS: Not applicable. INTERVENTIONS: The survey was distributed via AAGL email lists and offered on FMIGS social media sites from August 2017 to November 2017 to all active FMIGS fellows and individuals who graduated the fellowship during the preceding 5 years. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Fifty-three of 82 (65%) current FMIGS fellows and 104 of 169 (62%) recent fellowship graduates completed the survey. Only 66% of current fellows endorsed working with a fellowship faculty member whose clinical work focused on CPP. Most current fellows reported having a "good amount" of experience or "extensive" experience with superficial endometriosis (39/53, 74%) and deeply infiltrative endometriosis (34/53, 64%), whereas the majority reported having "no" or "little" experience with frequently comorbid conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (68%), pelvic floor tension myalgia (55%), and interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (51%). For both current fellows and recent graduates, increased CPP Disease Experience composite scores were associated with satisfaction with CPP training (current fellows odds ratio [OR] 1.9, p =.002; recent graduates OR 1.5, p < .001), perceived preparedness to treat patients with CPP (current fellows OR 2.0, p = .0021; recent graduates OR 1.5, p <.001), and the desire to incorporate the treatment of CPP into future clinical practice (current fellows OR 1.8, p = .0099; recent graduates OR 1.3, p = .0178). More than 80% (43/53) of current fellows indicated that they believed an expanded pelvic pain curriculum should be part of the FMIGS fellowship. CONCLUSION: This needs assessment of FMIGS fellows and recent graduates suggests that there are gaps between FMIGS curriculum objectives and current educational experiences, and that fellows desire increased CPP exposure. Expansion and standardization of the CPP educational experience is needed and could lead to increased focus on this disease process among subspecialty benign gynecologic surgeons.

The Symptoms-Varices-Pathophysiology classification of pelvic venous disorders: A report of the American Vein & Lymphatic Society International Working Group on Pelvic Venous Disorders.

[Box: see text]With the support of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the American Vein & Lymphatic Society, the American Venous Forum, the Canadian Society of Phlebology, the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology Society of Europe, the European Venous Forum, the International Pelvic Pain Society, the International Union of Phlebology, the Korean Society of Interventional Radiology, the Society of Interventional Radiology, and the Society for Vascular Surgery.

The Symptoms-Varices-Pathophysiology classification of pelvic venous disorders: A report of the American Vein & Lymphatic Society International Working Group on Pelvic Venous Disorders.

As the importance of pelvic venous disorders (PeVD) has been increasingly recognized, progress in the field has been limited by the lack of a valid and reliable classification instrument. Misleading historical nomenclature, such as the May-Thurner, pelvic congestion, and nutcracker syndromes, often fails to recognize the interrelationship of many pelvic symptoms and their underlying pathophysiology. Based on a perceived need, the American Vein and Lymphatic Society convened an international, multidisciplinary panel charged with the development of a discriminative classification instrument for PeVD. This instrument, the Symptoms-Varices-Pathophysiology ("SVP") classification for PeVD, includes three domains-Symptoms (S), Varices (V), and Pathophysiology (P), with the pathophysiology domain encompassing the Anatomic (A), Hemodynamic (H), and Etiologic (E) features of the patient's disease. An individual patient's classification is designated as SVPA,H,E. For patients with pelvic origin lower extremity signs or symptoms, the SVP instrument is complementary to and should be used in conjunction with the Clinical-Etiologic-Anatomic-Physiologic (CEAP) classification. The SVP instrument accurately defines the diverse patient populations with PeVD, an important step in improving clinical decision making, developing disease-specific outcome measures and identifying homogenous patient populations for clinical trials.

Clinical profile of comorbid dysmenorrhea and bladder sensitivity: a cross-sectional analysis.

BACKGROUND: Antecedents of chronic pelvic pain are not well characterized, but pelvic organ visceral sensitivity is a hallmark of these disorders. Recent studies have identified that some dysmenorrhea sufferers are much more likely to exhibit comorbid bladder hypersensitivity. Presumably, these otherwise healthy women may be at higher risk of developing full-blown chronic bladder pain later in life. To encourage early identification of patients harboring potential future risk of chronic pain, we describe the clinical profile of women matching this putative pain-risk phenotype. OBJECTIVE(S): The objectives of the study were to characterize demographic, menstrual, pelvic examination, and psychosocial profiles of young women with comorbid dysmenorrhea and bladder hypersensitivity, defined using a standardized experimental visceral provocation test, contrasted with healthy controls, pure dysmenorrhea sufferers, and women with existing bladder pain syndrome. STUDY DESIGN: This prospective cohort study acquired data on participants with moderate to severe dysmenorrhea (n = 212), healthy controls (n = 44), and bladder pain syndrome (n = 27). A subgroup of dysmenorrhea patients was found on screening with noninvasive oral water challenge to report significantly higher bladder pain during experimentally monitored spontaneous bladder filling (>15 out of 100 on visual analogue scale, based on prior validation studies) and separately defined as a group with dysmenorrhea plus bladder pain. Medical/menstrual history and pain history were evaluated with questionnaires. Psychosocial profile and impact were measured with validated self-reported health status Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System short forms and a Brief Symptom Inventory for somatic sensitivity. Pelvic anatomy and sensory sensitivity were examined via a standardized physical examination and a tampon provocation test. RESULTS: In our largely young, single, nulliparous cohort (24 ± 1 years old), approximately a quarter (46 out of 212) of dysmenorrhea sufferers tested positive for the dysmenorrhea plus bladder pain phenotype. Dysmenorrhea-only sufferers were more likely to be African American (24%) than healthy controls (5%, post hoc χ2, P = .007). Pelvic examination findings did not differ in the nonchronic pain groups, except for tampon test sensitivity, which was worse in dysmenorrhea plus bladder pain and dysmenorrhea sufferers vs healthy controls (2.6 ± 0.3 and 1.7 ± 0.2 vs 0.7 ± 0.2, P < .05). Consistent with heightened pelvic sensitivity, participants with dysmenorrhea plus bladder pain also had more nonmenstrual pain, dysuria, dyschezia, and dyspareunia (P's < .05). Participants with dysmenorrhea plus bladder pain had Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Global Physical T-scores of 47.7 ± 0.9, lower than in women with dysmenorrhea only (52.3 ± 0.5), and healthy controls 56.1 ± 0.7 (P < .001). Similarly, they had lower Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Global Mental T-score than healthy controls (47.8 ± 1.1 vs 52.8 ± 1.2, P = .017). Similar specific impairments were observed on Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System scales for anxiety, depression, and sleep in participants with dysmenorrhea plus bladder pain vs healthy controls. CONCLUSION: Women with dysmenorrhea who are unaware they also have bladder sensitivity exhibit broad somatic sensitivity and elevated psychological distress, suggesting combined preclinical visceral sensitivity may be a precursor to chronic pelvic pain. Defining such precursor states is essential to conceptualize and test preventative interventions for chronic pelvic pain emergence. Dysmenorrhea plus bladder pain is also associated with higher self-reported pelvic pain unrelated to menses, suggesting central nervous system changes are present in this potential precursor state.

Surgical interventions for chronic pelvic pain.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The objective of this study is to review an evidence-based approach to surgical treatment of key chronic pelvic pain (CPP) contributors emphasizing the importance of preoperative evaluation and counseling. RECENT FINDINGS: CPP is a poorly understood but highly prevalent condition and there are limited, well constructed studies to guide effective, durable treatment. CPP arises from factors originating in multiple organ systems, including reproductive, urologic, gastrointestinal, and myofascial, all informing the central nervous system. For those with severe disabling conditions, who have a suboptimal response to medical management, surgical interventions can be offered for diagnostic evaluation and/or treatment. Leiomyoma, adenomyosis, adnexal disorder, pelvic adhesions, and pelvic varicosities are common considerations in the differential diagnosis of CPP amenable to surgical approach. SUMMARY: Surgical treatments of CPP range from conservative/fertility-sparing approaches to extirpative therapy. Consistently, successful outcomes often are predicated on correctly identifying the abnormal peripheral pain process (which often is only part of the complete picture for these patients). Further research is needed to better guide clinicians as to when to choose surgical therapy vs. targeting secondary contributors to pelvic pain.