Use of probiotics in the catfish Sorubim cuspicaudus larviculture

Sorubim cuspicaudus, a migratory catfish distributed in the Magdalena, Sinú, and Catatumbo river basins, is categorized as vulnerable to extinction. Production of fingerlings in controlled environments stands as a strategic conservation approach, and larviculture is a critical phase in rearing this species. Probiotics are used for improvement in the critical stages of fingerling production. The study aimed to evaluate the use of probiotics (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis) during the larviculture phase of S. cuspicaudus. Larvae at 42 hours post-hatching (1.5±0.1mg, total length 5.7±0.4mm) were treated with four levels of probiotic inclusion in the water: 0, 5, 10, and 20ppm for 22 days. Water quality remained within suitable ranges for neotropical catfish species larviculture and the parameters assessed were weight gain (Gw), length gain (Gl), specific growth rate (G), survival rate (S), stress resistance (Sr), intestinal fold length (LF), and colony-forming units (CFU) count. Results showed higher Gl (22.23±3.5mm), Gw (40.0±12.6mg), G (14.9±1.5%/day), LP (205±72.7µm), and CFU (118.7±80.9) were found at 20 ppm (p0.05). The findings of this study suggest that probiotics (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis) could be used as an alternative to advance in the S. cuspicaudus larviculture.

Sorubim cuspicaudus, un bagre migratorio distribuido en las cuencas de los ríos Magdalena, Sinú y Catatumbo, se encuentra catalogado como una especie vulnerable a la extinción. La producción de alevinos en ambientes controlados es considerada como una estrategia crucial para su conservación, y la larvicultura es una fase crítica en la cría de esta especie. Para mejorar esta fase crítica de producción de alevinos se utilizan probióticos. El estudio tenía como objetivo evaluar el uso de probióticos (Bacillus subtilis y Bacillus licheniformis) durante la fase de larvicultura de S. cuspicaudus. Las larvas, a las 42 horas post eclosión (1,5±0,1mg, longitud total 5,7±0,4mm) fueron tratadas con cuatro niveles de inclusión de probióticos en el agua: 0, 5, 10 y 20ppm durante 22 días. La calidad del agua se mantuvo dentro de los rangos adecuados para la larvicultura de especies neotropicales de bagre y los parámetros evaluados fueron el aumento de peso (Gw), el aumento de longitud (GL), la tasa específica de crecimiento (G), la tasa de supervivencia (S), la resistencia al estrés (Sr), la longitud del pliegue intestinal (LF) y el recuento de unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC). Los resultados mostraron mayores GL (22,23±3,5 mm), Gw (40,0±12,6 mg), G (14,9±1,5%/día), LP (205±72,7 µm) y UFC (118,7±80,9) a 20 ppm (p0,05). Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que los probióticos (Bacillus subtilis y Bacillus licheniformis) podrían utilizarse como alternativa para avanzar en la larvicultura de S. cuspicaudus.

¿Where do migratory fish spawn in a neotropical Andean basin regulated by dams?

Spawning sites play a key role in the reproduction of fish allowing populations to endure over time. The Nechí River is an important spawning area for potamodromous fish species where one of the threats is dam construction. In order to determine the importance of the Nechí River as a spawning site in the Magdalena River basin, sampling was conducted during the low-water-to-high-water season transition period between 2018 and 2019 at seven sampling sites. The average density of ichthyoplankton was 42.4 ind.10m-3 (SD = 7.1). Of the individuals in the post-larval stage, seven migratory species were identified, and two additional taxa were identified to genus; Prochilodus magdalenae, Megaleporinus muyscorum, and Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum presented the greatest density. At the temporal level, the greatest density of larvae of potamodromous species was observed in the first high-water season of 2019 with a total of 5.7 ind.10m-3(SD = 1.044), of which the most representative at the seasonal level were the Cauca River, Magdalena River, and Nechí River before it flows into the Cauca River. There were significant differences in the frequency of embryos and vitelline larvae of the potamodromous species in the interaction of the sampling sites and high-water seasons, as well as with the density of post-larvae. The average drift distance of the spawning areas is roughly 52.1 km. A positive association was found between the volume of turbined water and the presence of ichthyoplankton in the Porce River site, after discharge from the Porce III Hydroelectric Plant. The Nechí River is an important spawning site and there seems to be an association between the increase in ichthyoplankton densities and the distance to the dam (Porce III) as long as there are floodplains along the course of the river.

Cryopreservation of the Microalgae Scenedesmus sp.

Each phytoplankton species presents a different behavior and tolerance to the cryopreservation process. Therefore, in a species-specific protocol, it is essential to ensure both growth and post-thawing cell viability. In this study, we explored the effect of cryopreservation of Scenedesmus sp. with two cryoprotectants, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methanol (MET), at 5% and 10% inclusion for each. In the control treatment, the microalgae were not exposed to cryoprotective agents (Control). Three post-thawing cell viability criteria were used: no cell damage (NCD), cell damage (CD), and marked lesions (LM), and mitochondrial and cell membrane damage was evaluated by flow cytometry. The study was a 2 × 2 factorial design, with five replications by treatments, population growth, and cell damage evaluated from the fifth day after thawing. On the fifth day, the highest percentage of NCD was observed when the microalgae were cryopreserved with DMSO 5% (50%); Regarding the control group, it showed 0% NCD. Flow cytometry analysis reveals minor damage at the membrane and mitochondria (9-10.7%) when DMSO is used at both inclusion percentages (5-10%) after thawing. In the exponential phase, the highest growth rates, doubling time, and yield was observed in cryopreserved cells with MET 5%. The results suggest that DMSO 5% is an ideal treatment for cryopreserving microalgae Scenedesmus sp.

Damage to Sorubim cuspicaudus Sperm Cryopreserved with Ethylene Glycol.

The study aimed to evaluate cryo-injury during the cryopreservation in Sorubim cuspicaudus sperm with ethylene glycol (EG) at different rates (6, 8, 10%). Fresh, prefrozen, and post-thawed sperm quality as motility total, velocities, mitochondria damage (Mit-d), membrane damage (Mem-d), and DNA fragmentation (DNA-f), were examined. The Mit-d, Mem-d, and DNA-f were evaluated through flow cytometry. High motility (>95%) and a low percentage of Mem-d (1.0 ± 0.5%), Mit-d (1.4 ± 0.9%), and DNA-f (2.4 ± 0.8%) were recorded for fresh semen. Prefrozen semen increases in Mit-d and DNA-f were observed compared to fresh semen (p < 0.05). In thawed semen, increased Mit-d (2.6 to 3-fold), Mem-d (6 to 1-fold), and DNA-f (3.3 to 6.6-fold) compared to prefrozen was observed. Thawed semen showed Mit-d (34 to 37-fold), Mem-d (24.5 to 26.6-fold) and DNA-f (13 to 18.5-fold) increased high. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that mitochondria, membrane, and DNA integrity undergo significant damage during both pre-freezing and freezing/thawing with EG inclusion percentages from 6 to 10% that affect its fertilizing capacity, which is reduced to half of that obtained with fresh semen. It is suggested that a cryoprotective solution composed of 6% EG, 6% glucose, and 5% skimmed milk powder is a useful protocol for the cryopreservation of S. cuspicaudus semen.

Draft genome assembly for the colombian freshwater bocachico fish, Prochilodus magdalenae.

We report the first draft genome assembly for Prochilodus magdalenae, the leading representative species of the Prochilodontidae family in Colombia. This 1.2-Gb assembly, with a GC content of 42.0% and a repetitive content of around 31.0%, is in the range of previously reported characid species genomes. Annotation identified 34,725 nuclear genes, and BUSCO completeness value was 94.9%. Gene ontology and primary metabolic pathway annotations indicate similar gene profiles for P. magdalenae and the closest species with annotated genomes: blind cave fish (Astyanax mexicanus) and red piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri). A comparative analysis showed similar genome traits to other characid species. The fully sequenced and annotated mitochondrial genome reproduces the taxonomic classification of P. magdalenae and confirms the low mitochondrial genetic divergence inside the Prochilodus genus. Phylogenomic analysis, using nuclear single-copy orthologous genes, also confirmed the evolutionary position of the species. This genome assembly provides a high-resolution genetic resource for sustainable P. magdalenae management in Colombia and, as the first genome assembly for the Prochilodontidae family, will contribute to fish genomics throughout South America.

Efecto de etilenglicol y leche en polvo en la criopreservación de semen de bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae / Effect of ethylene glycol and milk powder in the cryopreservation of bocachico semen Prochilodus magdalenae

RESUMEN Bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae es una especie endémica y la más importante de la pesquería continental colombiana. No obstante, sus capturas han disminuido aproximadamente el 67% en los últimos cuarenta años, por tanto ha sido categorizada como vulnerable a la extinción. La criopreservación de semen, es una herramienta biotecnológica de conservación por tanto el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la criopreservación de semen de bocachico con etilenglicol (EG) y leche en polvo descremada (LP). La solución crioprotectora estuvo compuesta por EG (6, 8 o 10%), LP (3, 5 o 7%) y glucosa 6%. La calidad del semen descongelado se evaluó con un software tipo CASA (computer assisted semen analysis). El porcentaje de inclusión de EG, no afectó significativamente ninguno de los parámetros de calidad seminal evaluados (p>0,05), a excepción de la tasa de eclosión (p<0,05); mientras que, la LP afectó significativamente el porcentaje de espermatozoides estáticos (p<0,05) y las tasas de fertilización y eclosión (p<0,01). La mayor movilidad total se obtuvo cuando EG se incluyó a 10% y la LP a 7% (38,4±18,4%) (p<0,05); pero las mayores tasas de fertilización (54,3-64,2%) y eclosión (47,7-57,5%) se obtuvieron cuando EG se incluyó a 6 u 8% y la LP se incluyó a la menor concentración evaluada (3%), sin observarse diferencia significativa entre estos tratamientos (p>0,05). Los resultados permiten concluir que la combinación EG 6% con LP 3% permiten la criopreservación de semen de Prochilodus magdalenae de buena calidad y capacidad fecundante.

ABSTRACT Bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae is an endemic species and the most important of the Colombian continental fishery. Its catches have decreased by approximately 67% in the last forty years and, it has been categorized as extinction vulnerable. Semen cryopreservation is a biotechnological conservation tool; therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate bocachico semen's cryopreservation with ethylene glycol (EG) and skimmed milk powder (LP). The cryoprotective solution was composed of EG (6, 8 or 10%), LP (3, 5 or 7%) and glucose at 6%. The quality of the thawed semen was evaluated with CASA software (computer assisted semen analysis). The inclusion percentage of EG did not significantly affect any of the evaluated semen quality parameters (p>0,05), except for the hatching rate (p <0.05). In contrast, LP presented significant effects on the percentage of static sperm (p <0,05) and on fertilization and hatching rates (p<0,01). The highest total motility was achieved with EG included at 10% and the LP 7% (38,4±18,4%) (p<0,05); but the highest fertility rates (54,3-64,2%) and hatching (47,7-57,5%) were registered when EG included at 6 or 8% and LP included at the lowest rate evaluated (3%), no significant difference was observed between these treatments (p>0,05). The results allow us to conclude that the combination EG 6% with LP 3% allows the cryopreservation of Prochilodus magdalenae semen of good quality and fertilizing capacity.

Effect of ibuprofen in vivo and in vitro on the sperm quality of the striped catfish Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum.

Because ibuprofen is a high consumption drug, which has the waters as its final destination, causing alterations in the aquatic environment, specifically in fish. However, there is not enough knowledge about the effect it can have on neotropical fish. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different concentrations of ibuprofen on sperm quality, both in vivo and in vitro, of the striped catfish Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum, and analyze its effects on the reproduction of this critical extinction endangered species. For this purpose, three groups of fish, with a mean weight of 2.3 ± 0.6 kg and mean total length of 62.9 ± 6.1 cm, were placed in tanks (3 fish/tank) with water at concentrations of 0 (control), 25, and 50 µg/L of ibuprofen for 4 months. For the analysis of sperm quality for each treatment (in vivo), the males were selected in the spermiation phase. Also, the semen from the control group was used for in vitro tests and activated with type I water solutions containing 0, 25, and 50 µg/L of ibuprofen. In the in vivo and in vitro tests, when fish and semen were treated to 50 µg/l, the seminal quality of striped catfish was statistically different from the other treatments. For this study, it was shown that ibuprofen at concentrations of 50 µg/L can cause a significant reduction in sperm quality and, therefore, a threat to the reproduction of P. magdaleniatum.

Reproducción en cautiverio de vizcaína Curimata mivartii con extracto pituitario de carpa / Captivity reproduction of vizcaina Curimata mivartii induced with extract of carp pituitary / Reprodução em cativeiro de vizcaína Curimata mivartii com extrato de hipófise de carpa

Resumen Con el objetivo de reproducir vizcaína Curimata mivartii, ejemplares de dos años de edad (n= 54), mantenidos en estanques en tierra (0,1 pez/m2) fueron inducidos con extracto pituitario de carpa (EPC) (Argent, USA) a razón de 6 mg/Kg de peso para las hembras en dos aplicaciones (10 % y 90% con 12 horas entre aplicación); mientras que los machos fueron inducidos con 4,8 mg/Kg EPC en dosis única. Antes de la inducción hormonal a cada hembra le fue realizada biopsia para verificar su estado de maduración gonadal. La muestra de ovocitos fue tratada con solución Serra (Chemí, Colombia) y después de tres minutos, con la ayuda de un estereoscopio de luz, (Leica, EZ4 W, Alemania) en objetivo de 4x, se determinó posición de la vesícula germinal (céntrico, migrando, periférico, sin núcleo). El análisis de la biopsia ovárica mostró que las hembras se encontraban en maduración final. Los machos inducidos se encontraron en fase de espermiación; los cuales a ligera presión abdominal liberaron líquido seminal. Se estimó el índice de ovulación, fecundidad (absoluta y relativa), diámetro de los ovocitos y volumen seminal. El porcentaje de fertilidad fue estimado a las cuatro horas post-eclosión (hpe) y el porcentaje de eclosión fue estimado a las 10 hpe. Las hembras ovularon entre 5 y 6 horas (28±1,0°C) e inmediatamente los huevos fueron obtenidos por extrusión, así como el semen. La fecundidad absoluta fue de 178331,6±28773,7 ovocitos/hembra y la relativa 137,7±19,6 g ovocitos/Kg de hembra. El diámetro de los ovocitos recién desovados fue de 687,2±42,8 µm. La fertilidad fue de 90,7±1,4% y la eclosión de 85,3±1,5%. Los resultados permiten concluir que EPC a dosificación de 6mg/Kg de peso es un buen inductor de la reproducción de vizcaína, con alto índice de ovulación y altos porcentajes de fertilidad y eclosión.

Abstract With the aim of reproducing the vizcaina Curimata mivartii, two-year-old specimens (n = 54), kept in ponds on land (0,1 fish/m2) were induced with carp pituitary extract (EPC) (Argent, USA) at a doses of 6 mg/Kg of weight for females in two applications (10% and 90% with 12 hours between applications), while males were induced with 4,8 mg / Kg EPC in a single dose. Before the hormonal induction, each female underwent an ovarian biopsy to verify the oocytes maturation stage. The oocyte sample was treated with Serra solution (Chemi, Colombia) and after three minutes, with the help of a light stereoscope (Leica, EZ4 W, Germany) in 4x objective, the position of the germinal vesicle was determined (central, migrating, peripheral, breakdown). The analysis of the ovarian biopsy showed that the females were in final maturation. Induced males were found in the spermiation phase; which at light abdominal pressure released seminal fluid. The ovulation index, fecundity (absolute and relative), oocyte diameter and seminal volume were estimated. The percentage of fertility was estimated at four hours after hatching (hah); and the hatching percentage was estimated at 10 hah. The females ovulated between 5 and 6 hours (28±1,0°C) and immediately the eggs were obtained by extrusion, as well as the semen. The absolute fecundity was 178331,6±28773,7 oocytes/female and the relative 137,7±19,6 g oocytes/Kg of female. The diameter of the newly spawned oocytes was 687,2±42,8 µm. Fertility was 90,7±1,4% and hatching 85,3±1,5%. The results allow to conclude that EPC at dosage of 6mg/Kg of weight is a good inducer of the vizcaína reproduction, which high ovulation index and high rates of fertility and hatching.

Resumo Com o objetivo de reproduzir vizcaína Curimata mivartii, espécimenes de dois anos de idade (n = 54), mantidos em tanques em terra (0,1 peixes / m2) foram induzidos com extrato de hipófise de carpa (EPC) (Argent, USA) a uma taxa de 6 mg / kg de peso para as fêmeas em duas aplicações (10% e 90% com 12 horas entre aplicações), enquanto os machos foram induzidos com 4,8 mg / kg de EPC em dose única. Antes da indução hormonal para cada fêmea, uma biópsia ovariana foi realizada para verificar o seu estado de maturação gonadal. A amostra de oócitos foi tratada com solução de Serra (Chemi, Colômbia) e após três minutos, com auxílio de um estereoscópio de luz (Leica, EZ4 W, Alemanha) em objetivo 4x, foi determinada a posição da vesícula germinativa (central, migrando, periférico, sem nucleo). A análise da biópsia ovariana mostrou que as fêmeas estavam em maturação final. Os machos induzidos foram encontrados na fase de espermizaҫã; que na pressão abdominal leve liberou fluido seminal. O índice de ovulação, fecundidade (absoluta e relativa), diâmetro do oócito e volume seminal foram estimados. A percentagem de fertilidade foi estimada em quatro horas pós-eclosão (hpe); enquanto a porcentagem de eclosão foi estimada em 10 hp. As fêmeas ovularam entre 5 e 6 horas (28±1,0°C) e imediatamente os ovos foram obtidos por extrusão, assim como o sêmen. A fecundidade absoluta foi 178331,6±28773,7 oócitos / fêmea e a relativa 137,7±19,6 g oócitos / kg de fêmea. O diâmetro dos oócitos recém-gerados foi 687,2±42,8 µm. A fertilidade foi de 90,7±1,4% e incubação de 85,3±1,5%. Os resultados permitem concluir que a EPC na dosagem de 6mg/Kg de peso é um bom indutor de reprodução de vizcaína, com alto índice de ovulação e altas taxas de fertilidade e eclosão.

Criopreservación de semen de bagre rayado Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum con tres diferentes crioprotectores / Evaluation of three cryoprotectants to preserve striped catfish (Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum) semen

RESUMEN El objetivo fue criopreservar semen de bagre rayado Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum con tres crioprotectores internos diferentes: dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO), dimetilacetamida (DMA) y etilenglicol (ETG) a dos porcentajes de inclusiones (5 y 10%), combinados con glucosa 6%, leche en polvo descremada 3% y vitamina E (0,4%). Cinco machos en fase de espermiación fueron inducidos con 0,4 ml de Ovaprim®/Kg. El semen fue diluido en la solución crioprotectora (1:3) en tubos de 2,5 ml, congelado en vapores de nitrógeno y descongelado a 35°C durante 90 segundos. El análisis estadístico incluyó un diseño factorial 3x2 y semen fresco (SF) como tratamiento testigo. En semen fresco, precongelado y descongelado se evaluó la movilidad total (Mt), tipos de movilidad, progresividad total y velocidades espermáticas con la ayuda de Sperm Class Analyzer SCA®. El SF registró volumen de 6,1±4,3 ml, Mt de 72,6±17,1%, activación de 31,2±2,1 segundos y concentración espermática de 54,7±22,9 millones/μl. En semen precongelado, el crioprotector (p<0,05) y porcentaje de inclusión (p<0,01), pero no su interacción, tuvieron un efecto significativo en la Mt, velocidad curvilínea (VCL) y velocidad lineal (VSL); mientras que en semen descongelado sólo la interacción de los factores (p<0,05) fue significativa en Mt, porcentajes de espermatozoide estáticos y VCL. La Mt cayó entre 36-67% en semen precongelado y entre 7486% en semen descongelado con relación a SF. Los resultados sugieren que DMSO, DMA y ETG incluidos a 5 o 10%, combinados con leche en polvo 3%, glucosa 6% y vitamina E 0,4% son alternativas viables de criopreservación del semen de bagre rayado.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate three internal cryoprotectants to preserve semen of striped catfish (Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum). The cryoprotectants tested were: dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylacetamide (DMA) and ethylene glycol (ETG) at two inclusion percentages (5 and 10%), mixed with 6% glucose, 3% skim milk powder, and 0.4% vitamin E. Five males in the spermiation phase were induced with Ovaprim® (0.4 ml/kg). The semen was diluted in the cryoprotective solution (1: 3) in 2.5 ml tubes, frozen in nitrogen vapors and thawed at 35°C for 90 seconds. A 3x2 factorial design was used, and the control treatment was fresh semen (SF). Total motility (Mt), type of motility total progressivity, and spermatic velocities were evaluated in fresh, pre-frozen and post-thawed semen using the Sperm Class Analyzer (SCA®) software. The SF volume was 6.1 ± 4.3 ml, with Mt of 72.6 ± 17.1%, activation of 31.2 ± 2.1 seconds and sperm concentration of 54.7 ± 22.9 million/μl. In the pre-frozen semen, the cryoprotectant (p <0.05) and the percentage of inclusion (p <0.01) -but not their interaction- had a significant negative effect on Mt, curvilinear velocity (VCL), and linear velocity (VSL); whereas in thawed semen only the interaction of the factors (p <0.05) was significant for Mt, static sperm percentages and VCL. The Mt decreased between 36-67% in pre-frozen semen and between 74-86% in thawed semen compared to SF. These results suggest that 5 or 10% inclusion levels of DMSO, DMA, and ETG, in combination with 3% powdered milk, 6% glucose, and 0.4% vitamin E are viable alternatives to cryopreserve semen of striped catfish.

Effects of cadmium exposure on sperm and larvae of the neotropical fish Prochilodus magdalenae.

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal with known deleterious effects on animal reproduction, decreasing the rate of fertilization of organisms such as fish. Prochilodus magdalenae is a very important fish species in Colombia, widely used by riparian communities from many rivers. Unfortunately, its population has been declining, whereas Cd seems to be more frequently detected in environmental matrices at Colombian ecosystems. The aim of this work was to determine the toxic effects of cadmium chloride on fertilization, sperm quality and mortality at 0, 1, 6 and 7 days post-hatching (dph) in this vulnerable species. The results indicated that Cd altered the fertilization and sperm quality by decreasing total motility and rapid and medium motilities of swimming spermatozoa. Results showed Cd produced 16.4 and 46.5% sperm motility inhibition, at 2.5 and 25 ppm, respectively. The heavy metal also impaired sperm curvilinear and straight-line velocities in a concentration-response dose. Cadmium-induced a dose-dependent effect on the mortality of the exposed larvae that depends on its development stage, with greater effects after 6 and 7 dph, observed at concentrations as low as 0.025 ppm. The results showed that the exposure to environmentally relevant Cd concentrations causes physiological changes in the initial stages of development of P. magdalenae, likely increasing the risk of reducing the fertility rate of this valuable fish species.

Comunidades planctónicas y bacterianas asociadas al cultivo de bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae con tecnología biofloc / Describing the planktonic and bacterial communities associated with bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae fish culture with biofloc technology

RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir las comunidades planctónicas y bacterianas asociadas al cultivo de bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae con tecnología biofloc (BFT). Materiales y métodos. En nueve tanques rectangulares de concreto con volumen útil de 6.0 m3, se sembraron alevinos de bocachico con peso promedio de 1.6±0.2 g, a tres densidades 5 (T1), 10 (T2) y 20 (T3) peces/m3 con BFT, durante 120 días de cultivo. La identificación y cuantificación de los microorganismos se realizó cada ocho días, en una muestra de 250 ml de agua por tanque, mediante análisis de alícuotas en cámaras Sedgwick-Rafter y/o Neubauer bajo microscopio a 10x y 40x. Los días 15, 45 y 90 del cultivo se caracterizaron las comunidades bacterianas tomando una muestra de 2 g de floc en 90 ml de solución salina estéril y sometidas a pruebas microbiológicas convencionales. Resultados. Se identificarem cinco grupos planctónicos (microalgas, rotíferos, cladóceros, copépodos y protistas con predominancia de ciliados) con mayor cantidad de rotíferos y protistas en los cultivos con menor densidad (T1 y T2); y la mayor afluencia de microorganismos osciló entre 174.9±21.4 ind/ml (T1) y 125.6±16.1 ind/ml (T2). En el grupo de bacterias fue posible identificar 10 cepas: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., Salmonella sp. (Enterobacteriaceae) Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sp, Lactobacillus sp, Pseduodomonas sp (Vibrionaceae), Micrococcus sp, Staphylococcus sp (Cocos gram+). Conclusiones. La composición del plancton fue similar en todos los tratamientos, con rotífero y protistas como los más abundantes; la mayor proporción de bacterias fueron Enterobacterias y Heterotróficas.

ABSTRACT Objective. To describe the planktonic communities and bacteria associated with the bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae fish culture with biofloc technology (BFT). Materials and methods. Bocachico fingerlings, with an average weight of 1.6±0.2 g, were stocked at three densities, i.e., 5 (T1), 10 (T2) and 20 (T3) fish/m3, with BFT in nine rectangular, 6.0 m3 concrete tanks for 120 days of culture. Identification and quantification of the microorganisms was performed every eight days in a sample of 250 ml of water per tank by analyzing aliquots on a Sedgwick-Rafter and/or in Neubauer chambers on a microscope at 10x and 40x magnification. On days 15, 45, and 90 of the fish culture, the bacterial communities were characterized by taking 2 g samples of floc and adding them to 90 ml of sterile saline solution, then subjecting them to conventional microbiological tests. Results. Five planktonic groups (microalgae, rotifers, cladocerans, copepods, and protists with ciliates predominating) with more rotifers and protists in the fish cultures at lower density (T1 and T2) were identified, and the largest amount of microorganisms oscillated between 174.9±21.4 ind/ml (T1) and 125.6±16.1 ind/ml (T2). It was possible to identify ten bacterial strains: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., Salmonella sp. (Enterobacteriaceae), Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp. (Vibrionaceae), Micrococcus sp., and Staphylococcus sp. (Coccus Gram+). Conclusions. The composition of plankton was similar in all treatments, with rotifers and protists being the most abundant; the bacteria showed a higher proportion of enterobacteria and heterotrophs.

PUNTOS DE REFERENCIAS BIOLÓGICOS PARA LA ORDENACIÓN PESQUERA DE Ageneiosus pardalis (Auchenipteridae) EN EL EMBALSE URRÁ / Biological Reference Points for the Fisheries Management of Ageneiosus pardalis (Auchenipteridae) in The Urrá Reservoir

RESUMEN Se estimaron puntos de referencias biológicos de la doncella Ageneiosus pardalis en el embalse Urrá y ríos aportantes como mortalidad por pesca máxima (Fmax), mortalidad por pesca a 10 % (F0,1), mortalidad por pesca actual (F2015 ), mortalidad por pesca a máximo rendimiento económico (FMRE), máximo rendimiento económico (MRE) y máximo rendimiento sostenible (MRS). Además, se analizó la situación de la doncella bajo tres escenarios: 1) estado actual, 2) prohibición de pesca con mallas por dos meses (abril y noviembre) y 3) prohibición de pesca con malla por dos meses más el cumplimiento de la zona de reserva (colas Sinú y Verde). Las estimaciones de Fmax (1,1 año-1), F0,1 (0,6 año-1) y F2015 (1,2 año-1) sugieren que la especie está al límite de la sobrepesca. Para obtener un MRE ($130,6 millones de pesos), la FMRE debe ser de 0,6 año-1 y un MRS de 28,8 tm. En 2015, el 81 % de la doncella capturada estuvo por debajo de la talla mínima legal vigente (32 cm LE) y 51 % por debajo la talla de media de madurez estimada (26,6 cm LE). Los resultados del presente estudio permiten concluir que la población de doncella se encuentra en etapa inicial de sobrepesca y se recomienda la prohibición de la pesca con redes agalleras y la veda permanente en las colas del embalse con los ríos Sinú y Verde como el mejor escenario para esta especie.

ABSTRACT Biological reference points of the doncella Ageneiosus pardalis in the Urrá resevoir and tributaries rivers were estimated as maximum fishing mortality (Fmax), fishing mortality at level 10 % (F0,1), current fishing mortality (F2015), fishing mortality at maximum economic yield (FMRE), maximum economic yield (MEY) and maximum sustainable yield (MSY). In addition, the situation of the doncella was analyzed under three scenarios: (1) current status, (2) fishing ban with meshes for two months (april and november) and (3) fishing ban with mesh for two months plus fulfillment the reserve zone (tailings of the reservoir with Sinú and Verde rivers). Estimates of Fmax (1.1 year-1), F (0.6 year-1) and F2015 (1.2 year-1); suggests that the doncella is at the limit of overfishing. To obtain a MEY ($ 130.6 million), the FMEY must be 0.6 year-1 and the MSY of 28.8 mt. In 2015, 81% of the captured doncella was below the legal minimum size (32 cm SL) and 51 % below the average estimated maturity size (26.6 cm SL). The results of the present study allow us to conclude that the doncella population is an initial stage of overfishing and recommends the prohibition of gill net fishing and fishing ban in the dam tails with the Sinú and Verde rivers like best scenario for this species.

Crioconservación de semen de dorada Brycon moorei con dimetilsulfóxido / Cryopreservation of dorada Brycon moorei sperm with dimethyl sulfoxide

RESUMEN El objetivo fue evaluar la calidad del semen descongelado de dorada Brycon moorei crioconservado con dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) a tres porcentajes de inclusión. El semen se obtuvo de nueve machos mantenidos en cautiverio en la Estación Piscícola Repelón (Atlántico, Col), inducidos con extracto pituitario de carpa (4,5 mg/kg). El semen fue diluido en proporción 1:3 con un diluyente compuesto de DMSO a tres porcentajes 5%, 10% y 15%; glucosa al 6% y yema de huevo al 12%; empacado en macrotubos de 2,5 ml, congelados en vapores de nitrógeno y después de tres meses descongelados a 35°C durante 90 s. Semen fresco fue considerando como tratamiento control. En semen descongelado se evaluó movilidad total, tipos de movilidades, progresividad, velocidades y concentración espermática con el programa Sperm Class Analyzer SCA®; adicionalmente en semen fresco se determinó volumen, color y tiempo de activación. El semen fresco presentó movilidad mayor a 80% y tiempo de activación entre 28,5 y 41 s; mientras que, la concentración espermática osciló entre 10188,1 y 14590,2 millones/ml. La movilidad total del semen descongelado fue mayor cuando DMSO se incluyó a 5% (40,1±5,0%) o 10% (43,3±8,7%) (p>0,05); pero a 15% registró la menor movilidad (30,6±7,9%) y el mayor porcentaje de espermatozoides inmóviles (69.4±7.9%) (p<0,05); lo cual sugiere que inclusiones de DMSO por encima de 10% ocasionan mayores daños al espermatozoide de dorada. Los resultados permiten concluir que DMSO debe ser incluido entre 5 y 10%, junto con glucosa al 6% y yema de huevo al 12% para crioconservar semen de dorada.

ABSTRACT The aim was assess thawed sperm quality of dorada Brycon moorei, cryopreserved with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to three inclusion rate. The sperm was obtained from nine males, kept in captivity in the Repelón Fish Farming Station (Atlántico, Col), were induced with carp pituitary extract (4.5 mg/kg). The semen was diluted with an extender composed of DMSO to three inclusion rates (5%, 10% and 15%); 6% glucose and 12% egg yolk. The sperm was diluted in 1:3, packed in macrotubes of 2.5 mL and freeze with vapors of nitrogen and after three months were thawed at 35°C for 90 s. The fresh sperm was considered as control treatment. The thawed semen was analyzed total motility, types of motility, progressivity, velocities and sperm concentration with the Sperm Class Analyzer SCA® software; further, volume, color and activation time were measured in fresh semen. The fresh sperm showed motility greater than 80% and activation time between 28.5 and 41 s; whereas that sperm concentration ranged between 10188.1 and 14590.2 million/ml. The total motility of thawed sperm was higher when DMSO was included at 5% (40.1±5.0%) or DMSO 10% (43.3±8.7%) (p> 0.05); but with 15% DMSO, were registered the low motility (30.6±7.9%) and the highest percentage of immotile sperm (69.4±7.9%) (p<0.05); which suggests inclusions of DMSO above 10% cause greater damage to dorada spermatozoa. The results showed that DMSO should be included between 5 and 10%, along with 6% glucose and 12% egg yolk for cryopreservation of dorada sperm.

Cryopreservation of Trans-Andean shovelnose catfish (Sorubim cuspicaudus) semen using dimethylacetamide / Criopreservación de semen de Bagre blanco (Sorubim cuspicaudus) con dimetilacetamida como crioprotector / Criopreservação de sêmen de Bagre branco (Sorubim cuspicaudus) com dimetilacetamida como crioprotetor

Cryoprotectant solutions of dimethylacetamide (DMA) were used at three inclusion levels (8, 10, and 12%) to evaluate cryopreservation of Trans-Andean shovelnose catfish semen. The solutions also included 6% glucose and 5% skimmed milk powder. Osmolarity of the solutions was measured with an osmometer (Precision System, Osmomette III, USA). Semen was diluted at a 1:4 ratio (semen:solution) and frozen in nitrogen vapors using a dry shipper (MVE 4/2V, USA). Concentration, mobility, speed, and progressivity of cryopreserved and fresh semen (control) were assessed with the SCA® Sperm Class Analyzer (Microptic, Spain) computer-assisted program. Fertility and hatching were evaluated fertilizing one gram of oocytes with cryopreserved and fresh semen, which was then kept in 2L cylinder-conical incubators. The osmolarity of cryoprotective solutions was 1233.3 ± 23.1 mOsm/Kg (8%DMA), 1530 ± 0.0 mOsm/Kg (10% DMA), and 1627.7 ± 5.8 mOsm/Kg (12% DMA). Fresh semen showed better total mobility (99.6 ± 0.4%), percentage of rapid sperm (34.7 ± 12.2%), and progressivity (48.2 ± 12.8%), compared with cryopreserved semen (p<0.05). Cryopreserved semen with 8% DMA had the highest total mobility (55.4 ± 13.6%) (p<0.05) as well as the highest percentage of rapid sperm (1.5-2.5%), total progressivity (1.9 to 10.1%), and curvilinear velocity (29,5-35,9 μm/s) without significant difference with the evaluated DMA percentages (p> 0.05). Fertilization with fresh semen (19.5 ± 4.4%) and 8% DMA cryopreserved semen (17.8 ± 8.3%) were not different (p>0.05). A cryoprotective solution composed of 8% DMA, 6% glucose, and 5% skimmed milk powder is a viable alternative to cryopreserve Trans-Andean shovelnose catfish semen.

Para evaluar la crioconservación de semen de bagre blanco utilizando dimetilacetamida (DMA) fueron preparadas soluciones crioprotectoras con DMA a tres porcentajes de inclusión (8, 10 y 12%), glucosa 6% y leche en polvo descremada 5%. La osmolaridad de las soluciones fue medida con osmómetro (Precision System, Osmomette III, Usa). El semen fue diluido a razón de 1:4 (semen:solución) y congelado con vapores de nitrógeno en dry shipper (MVE 4/2v, Usa). La concentración, movilidad total, velocidad y progresividad del semen crioconservado y fresco (control) fue evaluada con el programa asistido por computador Sperm Class Analyzer SCA® (Microptic, España). La fertilidad y eclosión se evaluaron fertilizando un gramo de ovocitos con semen crioconservado y fresco; mantenidos en incubadoras cilindro-cónicas de 2L. La osmolaridad de las soluciones crioprotectoras fue 1233,3 ± 23,1 mOsm/kg (DMA 8%), 1530 ± 0,0 mOsm/kg (DMA 10%) y 1627,7± 5,8 mOsm/kg (DMA 12%). Semen fresco mostró la mejor movilidad total (99,6±0,4%), porcentaje de espermatozoides rápidos (34,7 ± 12,2%) y progresividad (48,2 ± 12,8%), valores estadísticamente diferentes a los obtenidos con semen crioconservado (p<0,05). La mayor movilidad total se registró con semen crioconservado con DMA 8% (55,4 ± 13,6%) (p<0,05); así como los mayores porcentajes de espermatozoides rápidos (1,5-2,5%), progresividad total (1,9-10,1%) y velocidad curvilínea (29,5-35,9 µm/s) sin presentar diferencia significativa con los diferentes porcentajes de DMA evaluados (p>0,05). La fertilización con semen fresco (19,5 ± 4,4%) y semen crioconservado con DMA 8% (17,8 ± 8,3%) no presentó diferencia significativa (p>0,05). La solución crioprotectora compuesta por DMA 8%, glucosa 6% y leche en polvo descremada 5% es una alternativa viable para la crioconservación de semen de bagre blanco.

Para avaliar a criopreservação de sêmen de bagre branco utilizando dimetilacetamida (DMA) foram preparadas soluções crioprotetoras com DMA a três porcentagens de inclusão (8, 10 e 12%), glucose 6%e leite em pó desnatada 5%. A osmolaridade das soluções foi medida com osmômetro (Precision System, Osmomette III, USA). O sêmen foi diluído em razão de 1:4 (sêmen: diluição) e congelado com vapores de nitrogênio em dry shipper (MVE 4/2v, USA). A concentração, mobilidade total, velocidade e progressividade do sêmen criopreservado e fresco (controle) foi avaliado com o programa assistido por computador Sperm Class Analyzer SCA® (Microptic, Espanha). A fertilidade e eclosão avaliaram-se fertilizando uma grama de ovócitos com sêmen criopreservado e fresco, mantidos em incubadoras cilindro-cônicas de 2L. A osmolaridade das soluções crioprotetoras foi de 1233,3 ± 23,1 mOsm/kg (DMA 8%); 1530 ± 0,0 mOsm/kg (DMA 10%) e 1627,7 ± 5,8 mOsm/kg (DMA 12%). O sêmen fresco mostrou a melhor mobilidade total (99,6 ± 0,4%), a porcentagem de espermatozoides rápidos (34,7 ± 12,2%) e de progressividade (48,2 ± 12,8%), esses valores com sêmen fresco são estatisticamente diferentes aos obtidos com sêmen criopreservado (p<0,05). A maior mobilidade total registrou-se com sêmen criopreservado com DMA 8% (55,4 ± 13,6%) (p<0,05); assim como as maiores porcentagens de espermatozoides rápidos (1,5-2,5%), progressividade total (1,9-10,1%) e velocidade curvilínea (29,5-35,9 µm/s) sem apresentar diferença significativa com as diferentes porcentagens de DMA avaliados (p>0,05). A fertilização com sêmen fresco (19,5 ± 4,4%) e sêmen criopreservado com DMA 8% (17,8 ± 8,3%) não apresentou diferença significativa (p>0,05). A solução crioprotetora composta por DMA 8%, glucose 6% e leite em pó desnatada 5% é uma alternativa viável para a criopreservação de sêmen de bagre branco.

Insemination of bocachico fish (Prochilodus magdalenae) with fresh or cryopreserved semen: effect of spermatozoa/oocyte ratio / Inseminacion de bocachico (Prochilodus magdalenae) con semen fresco o crioconservado: efecto de la proporción espermatozoide/oocito / Inseminação do bocachico (Prochilodus magdalenae) usando sêmen fresco o criopreservado: efeito da razão espermatozoide/oócito

Background: cryopreservation is an important biotechnological tool in the conservation of biodiversity, particularly for endangered species. Objective: to evaluate six different spermatozoa/oocyte ratios using fresh and cryopreserved semen in bocachico fish (Prochilodus magdalenae). Methods: fresh semen was collected and its quality determined to verify cryopreservation feasibility. The semen was put in 5 mL straws and mixed with a solution (5.5% glucose, 12% egg yolk, and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide -DMSO-) in a 1:4 dilution (semen:solution). The semen was frozen in nitrogen vapor dry shipper for 30 min, rapidly transferred to storage thermos, and submerged directly into liquid nitrogen (LN; -196 °C). Straws were thawed at 60 ºC for 45 seconds. Motility, velocity, and sperm progressivity of fresh and cryopreserved semen were assessed using Sperm Class Analyzer (SCA®) software. Each proportion of spermatozoa/oocyte was assessed with 2 g of eggs (1,630 ± 87 eggs/g) to evaluate fertility (F), hatching (H), and larval survival (LS) rates. Results: the best reproductive performance for fresh semen was obtained inseminating with 160,000 spermatozoa/oocyte (F = 75.0%, H = 67.7%, LS = 32.7%). Similarly, the best reproductive performance for cryopreserved semen was achieved with 320,000 spermatozoa/oocyte (F = 70.0%, H = 48.6%, LS = 19.5%). Conclusion: it is possible to achieve adequate reproductive performance in bocachico fish using cryopreserved sperm (10% DMSO, 5.5% glucose, and 12% egg yolk) at twice the spermatozoa/oocyte ratio used with fresh semen.

Antecedentes: la crioconservación es una herramienta biotecnológica importante para la conservación de la biodiversidad, particularmente de especies en peligro. Objetivo: evaluar seis proporciones diferentes entre espermatozoides/ovocito en la fertilización de bocachico (Prochilodus magdalenae), usando semen fresco o crioconservado. Métodos: se colectó semen y se determinó su calidad para verificar su viabilidad de crioconservación. El semen fue colocado en pajillas de 5 mL y mezclado con una solución crioconservante (5,5% glucosa, 12% yema de huevo y 10% dimethyl sulfoxido -DMSO-) en una dilución 1:4 (semen:solución). El semen fue congelado en un termo de vapores de nitrógeno por 30 min y rápidamente se transfirió a termos de almacenamiento sumergiéndolo directamente en nitrógeno líquido (LN; -196 °C). Las pajillas fueron descongeladas a 60 ºC por 45 segundos. La motilidad, velocidad y progresividad de los espermatozoides, tanto de semen fresco como del congelado, fueron evaluadas usando el software Sperm Class Analyzer (SCA®). Cada proporción de espermatozoides/ovocito fue evaluada en 2 g de huevos (1.630 ± 87 huevos/g) para evaluar fertilidad (F), eclosión (H) y sobrevivencia larval (LS). Resultados: el mejor desempeño reproductivo con semen fresco fue obtenido inseminando con la proporción de 160.000 espermatozoides/ovocito (F = 75,0%, H = 67,7%, LS = 32,7%). De manera similar, el mejor desempeño reproductivo con semen crioconservado fue logrado con la proporción de 320.000 espermatozoide/ovocito (F = 70,0%, H = 48,6%, LS = 19,5%). Conclusión: es posible lograr un adecuado desempeño reproductivo en bocachico usando semen crioconservado (10% DMSO, 5,5% glucosa y 12% yema de huevo) cuando la relación espermatozoide/ovocito usada es del doble de la proporción aplicada para semen fresco.

Antecedentes: a criopreservação é uma ferramenta biotecnológica importante na conservação da biodiversidade, particularmente de espécies ameaçadas. Objetivo: foram avaliadas seis proporções de espermatozoides/ovócito na fertilização usando sêmen fresco e crioconservado em fertilização de bocachico (Prochilodus magdalenae), Métodos: o sêmen fresco foi coletado e determinada sua qualidade para verificar a viabilidade de crioconservação. O sêmen foi colocado em palhetas de 5 mL e misturado com a solução crioconservante (5,5% glicose, 12% gema de ovo e 10% dimetilsulfóxido -DMSO-) em numa diluição 1:4 (sêmen:solução). O sêmen foi congelado em botijão de vapores de nitrogênio por 30 min e rapidamente transferido a botijão de armazenagem submergindo-os diretamente em nitrogênio líquido (LN; -196 °C). As palhetas foram descongeladas a 60 ºC por 45 segundos. A motilidade, velocidade e progressividade dos espermatozoides, tanto de sêmen fresco quanto de congelado, foram avaliadas usando o software Sperm Class Analyzer (SCA®). Para avaliar fertilidade (F), eclosão (H) e sobrevivência larval (LS), cada relação de espermatozóide/oócito foi avaliada em 2 g de oócitos (1.630 ± 87 ovos/g). Resultados: o melhor desempenho reprodutivo com sêmen fresco foi obtido inseminando com proporção 160.000 espermatozoides/oócito (F = 75,0%, H = 67,7%, LS = 32,7%). O melhor desempenho reprodutivo com sêmen crioconservado foi verificado na proporção de 320.000 espermatozoides/oócito (F = 70,0%, H = 48,6%, LS = 19,5%). Conclusão: é possível alcançar um adequado desempenho reprodutivo em bocachico usando sêmen crioconservado (10% DMSO, 5,5% glicose e 12% gema de ovo) quando a proporção espermatozoide/oócito usada é o dobro da utilizada para sêmen fresco.

Environmental characterization of the reproductive season of migratory fish of the Sinú river (Córdoba, Colombia) / Caracterización ambiental de la temporada reproductiva de los peces migradores del río Sinú (Córdoba, Colombia)

Objective. To characterize some abiotic factors during the reproductive season of migratory fish (bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae, dorada Brycon sinuensis, bagre blanco Sorubim cuspicaudus and barbul Pimelodus blochii) in the Sinú River. Materials and methods. From April to October, 2008, in Carrizola (Tierralta, 36.31 km from the Urrá hydroelectric plant) factors such as flow=Qriver, daily flow difference=ΔQriver, velocity=Vriver, temperature=Triver, electrical conductivity=CE, total dissolved solids=STD, turbidity=Turb, cloudiness=Nub, rainfall=Pluv and solar brightness=Bs were measured daily three times/day (07:00 h, 12:00 h, 17:00 h). Also, on the same schedule, ichthyoplankton was collected as an indicator of reproductive activity, assessed by reproductive frequency (Fr=number of days with presence of ichthyoplankton/number of days in the period evaluated X 100) and larval density (Dl=larval/m³). Results. The daily values of Qriver ranged between 278.7 and 838.5 m³/s, ΔQriver between 0.0 and 100.7 m³/s, Vriver between 1.40 and 1.53 m/s, Pluv between 0.0 and 88.2 mm, Triver between 27.0 and 28.7°C, STD between 73.0 and 302.3 mg/L, Turb between 9.7 and 679.7 NTU, CE between 81.0 and 361.7 mS/cm, Bs between 0.0 and 11.2 hours, Nub between 2.0 and 7.3 octaves. The Fr was 30.4%, with April (40.0%) and May (74.2%) as the higher activity reproductive months, while the Dl in the season was 4.9 larvae/m³, with the larvae group other species (2.9 larvae/m3) and bocachico (1.8 larvae/m³) as the most abundant. Conclusions. Most reproductive activity was recorded early in the season (April and May) and parameters such as Qriver, Triver, Vriver, Pluv, STD and Nub may be considered final factors associated with migratory fish reproduction.

Objetivos. Caracterizar algunos factores abióticos durante la temporada reproductiva de los peces migratorios (bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae, dorada Brycon sinuensis, bagre blanco Sorubim cuspicaudus y barbul Pimelodus blochii) en el río Sinú. Materiales y métodos. Entre abril y octubre de 2008, en Carrizola (Tierralta, 36.31 km de la Hidroeléctrica Urrá) se midieron diariamente tres veces/día (07:00h, 12:00h, 17:00h) factores como caudal=Qrío, diferencia de caudal=ΔQrío, velocidad=Vrío, temperatura=Trío, conductividad eléctrica=CE, sólidos totales disueltos=STD, turbidez=Turb, nubosidad=Nub, pluviosidad=Pluv y brillo solar=Bs; también, en el mismo horario, se recolectó ictioplancton como indicador de actividad reproductiva, evaluada mediante frecuencia reproductiva (Fr=número de días con presencia de ictioplancton/número de días del período evaluadoX100) y la densidad larval (Dl=larvas/m³). Resultados. Valores diarios de Qrío oscilaron entre 278.7 y 838.5 m³/s, ΔQrío entre 0.0 y 100.7 m3/s, Vrío entre 1.40 y 1.53 m/s, Pluv entre 0.0 y 88.2 mm, Trío entre 27.0 y 28.7°C, STD entre 73.0 y 302.3 mg/L, Turb entre 9.7 y 679.7 NTU, CE entre 81.0 y 361.7 µS/cm, Bs entre 0.0 y 11.2 horas, Nub entre 2.0 y 7.3 octas. La Fr en el período fue de 30.4%, con abril (40.0%) y mayo (74.2%) como los meses de mayor actividad reproductiva; la Dl en el período fue de 4.9 larvas/m³, con el grupo otras especies (2.9 larvas/m³) y bocachico (1.8 larvas/m³) más abundantes. Conclusiones. Mayor actividad reproductiva se registró al inicio de la temporada de lluvias (abril y mayo); con Qrío, Trío, Vrío, Pluv, STD y Nub como factores finales asociados a la reproducción de los peces migradores.

EVALUACIÓN DE ETILENGLICOL COMO CRIOPROTECTOR EN LA CRIOCONSERVACIÓN DE SEMEN DE BAGRE BLANCO (Sorubim cuspicaudus, PIMELODIDAE) / Evaluation of Ethylene Glycol as a Cryoprotectant in the Sperm Cryopreservation of Trans-Andean Shovelnose Catfish (Sorubim cuspicaudus, Pimelodidae)

Se evaluó el semen crioconservado de Sorubim cuspicaudus utilizando etilenglicol (ETG) a tres niveles de inclusión (5, 10, 15 %). Machos (n = 13) en fase de espermiación y hembras (n = 6) en maduración final se indujeron con 0,4 ml de Ovaprim®/Kg, después de 12 a 14 horas post-inducción se colectó el semen en viales Eppendorf de 2 ml de capacidad. Las diferentes soluciones crioprotectoras se prepararon con glucosa 6 % (p/v), leche en polvo descremada 5 % (pv) y agua destilada. El semen fue diluido en proporción 1:3 (semen:diluyente), empacado en macrotubos de 2,5 ml y congelado en vapores de nitrógeno líquido (NL) durante 30 minutos y luego almacenados en termos criogénicos sumergidos directamente en NL (- 196°C). El semen crioconservado fue descongelado en baño serológico a 35°C durante 90 segundos. La movilidad total, progresividad y velocidad espermática del semen fresco y descongelado se analizó con el software Sperm Class Analizer SCA® (Microptic SL, España). La fertilidad y eclosión se evaluó con 1,0-1,5 g de ovocitos en incubadoras experimentales de flujo ascendente de dos litros de capacidad. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado. El semen fresco registró tasa de eclosión de 51,8°21 %, sin observarse diferencia significativa con la obtenida con el semen crioconservado con ETG 5 % (38,6 ° 13,9 %) (p> 0,05); mientras que ETG 15 % (9,6 ° 2,9 %) reportó la menor eclosión (p < 0,05). Los resultados sugieren que la solución crioprotectora compuesta por ETG 5 %, glucosa 6 % y leche en polvo 5 % es una alternativa viable para la crioconservación de semen de Sorubim cuspicaudus con fecundaciones similares al usar semen fresco.

The catfish Sorubim cuspicaudus cryopreservation semen was evaluated using three levels (5, 10, 15 %) of ethylene glycol (ETG). Males (n = 13) undergoing spermiation and in final maturation females (n = 6) were induced with 0.4 ml Ovaprim®/Kg, after 12 and 14 post-induction the semen was collected in 2 ml Eppendorf vials. The different cryoprotectants solutions were prepared with glucose 6 % (w/v) skimmed milk powder 5 % (w/v) and distilled water. The semen was diluted in ratio 1:3 (semen:extender), packed in macrotubes of 2.5 ml and frozen in liquid nitrogen (NL) vapor for 30 minutes, then the macrotubes were stored in cryogenic tanks submerged directly in NL (-196°C). The sperm were thawed in serological bath to 35°C for 90 seconds. The total motility, total progressivity and velocities in fresh and thawed semen were analyzed with the Sperm Class Analyzer software SCA® (Microptic SL, Spain). Fertility and hatching rates were assessed with 1.0-1.5 g of oocytes in experimental up flow incubators two liters, a completely randomized design was used. The hatching rate of fresh semen was 51,8°21 %, with no significant differences with semen cryopreserved with ETG 5 % (38.6 ° 13.9 %) (p> 0,05), while ETG 15 % (9.6 ° 2.9 %), recorded the lower hatching rate (p < 0.05). The results suggest that the cryoprotectant solution composed of ETG 5 %, glucose 6 % and powdered milk 5 % is a viable alternative for semen cryopreservation of the catfish Sorubim cuspicaudus.

Efecto de tres tipos de presas vivas en la larvicultura de bagre blanco (Sorubim cuspicaudus) / Efect of three types of live preys on larviculture of the trans-andean shovelnose catfish (Sorubim cuspicaudus)

Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de diferentes presas vivas en la larvicultura de bagre blanco (Sorubim cuspicaudus). Materiales y métodos. Al inicio de la alimentación exógena de Sorubim cuspicaudus, se ofreció zooplancton producido en mesocosmos (T1), zooplancton silvestre (T2) y nauplios de Artemia (T3), en concentración de 10.000 zoop/L, dos veces al día, durante seis días. Se utilizaron 18 acuarios de cinco litros de volumen útil, con densidad de 25 Larvas/L, seis réplicas por tratamiento en un diseño al azar. Se estimaron la ganancia en peso (Gp) y longitud (Gl), tasa de crecimiento específico (G), sobrevivencia (S), resistencia al estrés (Re), mortalidad acumulada (Ma) y mortalidad por canibalismo (Mc). Resultados. Las larvas alimentadas con mesocosmos presentaron la mayor sobrevivencia (81.3±15.9%); aunque el mejor crecimiento lo presentaron las larvas alimentadas con zooplancton silvestre (T2) las cuales presentaron la mayor mortalidad (42.0±10.7%) y la menor resistencia al estrés (30.0±33.0%). El canibalismo se observó en todos los tratamientos, oscilando entre 4.0 (T2) y 14.3% (T1) sin diferencias significativas entre estos valores (p>0.05). Conclusiones. El uso de zooplancton producido bajo condiciones controladas permitió una alta sobrevivencia, adecuado desempeño y resistencia de las larvas, perfilándose como alternativa viable en la primera alimentación de bagre blanco.

Objective. Assess the effect of different live prey in the larviculture of Trans-andean shovelnose catfish (Sorubim cuspicaudus). Materials and methods. At the beginning of exogenous feeding, zooplankton produced in mesocosm (T1), wild zooplankton (T2) and brine shrimp (T3), in concentrations of 10.000 zoop/L, were fed twice daily, for six days. 18 five-liter useful volume aquariums were used, with density of 25 Larvas/L, and six replicas per treatment in a random design. The increase in weight (Gp) length (Gl), the specific growth rate (G), survival (S), stress resistance (Re), accumulated mortality (Ma) and mortality due to cannibalism (Mc) were measured. Results. Larvae fed with mesocosm presented the highest survival rate (81.3±15.9%), although larvae fed wild zooplankton (T2) had the highest growth (Gp, Gl, G), and recorded the highest accumulated mortality (42.0±10.7%) and the lowest resistance to stress (30.0±33.0%). Cannibalism was observed in all treatments, ranging from 4.0 (T2) to 14.3% (T1) no significant difference between these values (p>0.05) was observed. Conclusions. The use of zooplankton produced under controlled conditions allows high survival, adequate performance and resistance of the larvae, emerging as viable alternative for the first feeding of white catfish.

Manejo de la primera alimentación de dorada Brycon sinuensis ofreciendo larvas de bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae / First feeding of Dorada (Brycon sinuensis) with Bocachico (Prochilodus magdalenae) larvae / Manejo da primeira alimentação de dorada Brycon sinuensis forneciendo larvas de bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la densidad de presas en la larvicultura de dorada Brycon sinuensis, para lo cual fueron ofrecidas, durante 24 horas, cuatro proporciones presa-predador 0:1 (T1), 1:1 (T2), 2:1 (T3) y 4:1 (T4) al inicio de la alimentación exógena. Como presa fueron utilizadas larvas recién eclosionadas de bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae, suministradas por una sola vez. Las larvas de dorada se pesaron y se midieron al inicio y al final del experimento para estimar ganancia en peso (Gp), ganancia en longitud (Gl) y tasa de crecimiento específico (G); también se calculó la sobrevivencia (S), resistencia al estrés (Re), mortalidad natural (Mn) y por canibalismo (Mc). Los mayores valores de Gp (3.9 ± 0.4 mg) y G se registraron en T4 (5.8 ± 0.4%/h), presentando diferencia significativa con los demás tratamientos (p<0.05); mientras que los mayores registros de Gl se presentaron en T2, T3 y T4 (2.0-2.4 mm), sin presentarse diferencia significativa entre estos tratamientos (p>0.05); pero si con relación a T1. Cuando se alimentó con dos (T3=84.2%) y cuatro larvas forrajeras por cada larva de dorada (T4=86.7%) se observaron las mayores sobrevivencias; mientras que la menor se obtuvo cuando no se suministraron larvas forrajeras (T1=51.8%); encontrándose en ese tratamiento la mayor mortalidad por canibalismo (46.3%). Asimismo, las menores mortalidades por canibalismo se presentaron cuando se ofrecieron entre dos (T3=12.7%) y cuatro larvas forrajeras por cada larva de dorada (T4=12.0%). La mortalidad natural fue baja y osciló entre 1.3% (T4) y 3.2% (T3) sin observarse diferencia significativa (p>0.05). Los valores de la prueba de Re oscilaron entre 86.7 ± 10.3% (T1) y 95.0 ± 5.5% (T3) sin observarse diferencia significativa (p>0.05). Estos resultados indican que suministrar entre dos y cuatro larvas forrajeras como primera alimentación en dorada reduce el canibalismo y ofrece mejores resultados de sobrevivencia y crecimiento durante la larvicultura.

This study evaluated several predator-prey ratios on Dorada (Brycon sinuensis) larviculture. The onset of exogenous feeding using four predator-prey ratios 0:1 (T1), 1:1 (T2), 2:1 (T3) and 4:1 (T4) was studied. The preys used were newly hatched Bocachico (Prochilodus magdalenae) larvae, which were fed just once. The Dorada larvae were weighed and measured at the beginning and the end of the experiment. The variables measured were weight gain (Wg), length gain (Gl), specific growth rate (G), survival (S), stress resistance (Rs), natural mortality (Nm) and cannibalism mortality (Mc). The T4 had the highest Wg (3.9 ± 0.4 mg) and G (5.8 ± 0.4%/h). Survivability was increased when feeding two (T3 = 84.2%) and four forage larvae for each Dorada larvae (T4 = 86.7%). The lowest survivability was observed when no forage larvae were fed (T1 = 51.8%), coinciding with the greatest mortality from cannibalism (46.3%). The lowest mortality from cannibalism occurred when two (T3 = 12.7%) to four forage larvae per Dorada larvae (T4 = 12.0%) were offered. Natural mortality was low, ranging between 1.3% (T4) and 3.2% (T3) (p> 0.05). The test values of Rs ranged from 86.7 ± 10.3% (T1) and 95.0 ± 5.5% (T3) (p>0.05). These results indicate that offering between two and four forage larvae as first feeding to Dorada larvae reduces cannibalism and offers the best results for survival and growth during larviculture.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da densidade de presas na larvicultura de Dorada Brycon sinuensis, para o qual foram fornecidas, durante 24 horas, quatro diferente proporção presa-predador 0:1 (T1), 1:1 (T2), 2:1 (T3) e 4:1 (T4) ao inicio da alimentação exógena. Como presa foram utilizadas larvas recém eclodidas de Bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae, as cuais foram fornecidas por uma única vez. As larvas de Dorada foram pesadas e medidas ao inicio e final do experimento para calcular ganho de peso (Gp), ganho de comprimento (Gl) e taxa de crescimento específico (G); também foi calculada a supervivência (S), resistência ao estresse (Re), mortalidade natural (Mn) y mortalidade pelo canibalismo (Mc). Os maiores valores de Gp (3.9 ± 0.4 mg) e G (5.8 ± 0.4%/h) foram registradas no T4, apresentando diferença com os demais tratamentos (p<0.05); entanto que os maiores registros de Gl (2.0-2.4 mm) apresentaram se entre os tratamentos T2, T3 e T4 sem apresentar se diferença significativa entre estes (p>0.05); mas sim com relação a T1. Quando foi alimentado com duas (T3 = 84.2%) e quatro larvas forrageiras por cada larva de dorada (T4 = 86.7%) foram observadas as maiores supervivências; ainda que a menor obteve se quando não foram fornecidas larvas forrageiras (T1 = 51.8%); foi encontrado nesse tratamento a maior mortalidade pelo canibalismo (46.3%). Assim mesmo, as menores mortalidades por canibalismo apresentaram-se quando foram fornecidas entre duas (T3 = 12.7%) e quatro larvas forrageiras por cada larva de Dorada (T4 = 12.0%). A mortalidade natural foi baixa e oscilou entre 1.3% (T4) e 3.2% (T3) sem diferença significativa (p>0.05). Os valores do teste de Re estiveram entre 86.7 ± 10.3% (T1) e 95.0 ± 5.5% (T3) sem diferença significativa (p>0.05). Estes resultados indicam que fornecer entre duas e quatro larvas forrajeiras como primeira alimentação em larvas de Dorada diminui o canibalismo e oferece melhores resultados de supervivência e crescimento durante a larvicultura.

Evaluation of milt quality of the yamú Brycon amazonicus under hormonal induction

Two-year old and first sexual maturation male Yamú Brycon amazonicus were selected, according to the presence of semen under gentle abdominal pressure (body weight BW 1.300 ± 3 g; Total length TL 41.4 ± 0.2 cm, mean ± SEM). Five treatments were carried out: three with mGnRHa (10, 15 and 20 µg/kg in a single dose), one with carp pituitary extract CPE (4.4 mg/kg in two applications, 10 and 90 por ciento with a 12 h interval) and a treatment control with application only of saline solution (0.9 por ciento). The volume, spermatic concentration, spermatocrit, fertility rate, percentage of live spermatozoa, motility and activation time were evaluated. The CPE caused an increase in volume, a decrease in sperm concentration and spermatocrit. A positive linear regression between the spermatocrit and the sperm concentration was found (p<0.05, r= 0.42). The fertility rate was evaluated by the ration of spermatozoa/eggs, which oscillated between 3.06 ± 0.2 x 105 and 6.75 ± 0,3 x 105, without displaying an effect on fertility rate (p>0.05). For the other parameters evaluated, there were no differences, between the hormones utilized, or between them and the control. It was concluded that the CPE influences, the sperm fluidity, increasing the volume and decreasing the concentration, while the mGnRH-a does not cause any quantitative or qualitative changes in the yamú semen.