Cats' Internal Exposure to Selected Brominated Flame Retardants and Organochlorines Correlated to House Dust and Cat Food.

Pet cats may be used as a biomarker for assessing exposures to organohalogen compounds (OHCs) adsorbed to household dust in home environments. This study explores two exposure routes of OHCs, ingestion of OHCs (i) via house dust and (ii) via cat food. House dust from 17 Swedish homes and serum from the participating families' pet cats were collected, and cat food was purchased matching the diet reported. Paired samples of cat serum, house dust, and cat food were analyzed for brominated flame retardants/natural products (polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromobiphenyl (BB-209), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP), OH-PBDEs) and organochlorines (polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 1,1-bis(4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (4,4'-DDT), 1,1-bis(4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (4,4'-DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), pentachlorophenol (PCP)). Significant correlations were found between serum and dust samples from the living rooms for BDE-47 (p < 0.035), BDE-99 (p < 0.035), and BDE-153 (p < 0.039), from the adult's bedroom for BDE-99 (p < 0.019) and from all rooms for BDE-99 (p < 0.020) and BB-209 (p < 0.048). This is the first time a correlation between cat serum levels and household dust has been established, a finding that supports the hypothesis that dust is a significant exposure route for cats. Serum levels were also significantly correlated with concentrations found in cat food for 6-OH-BDE47 (p < 0.002), 2,4,6-TBP (p < 0.035), and BB-209 (p < 0.007). DBDPE was found in high concentrations in all dust (median 154 pmol/g) and food samples (median 0.7 pmol/g lw) but was below detection in serum samples, suggesting low or no bioavailability for DBDPE in cats.

A transition metal oxofluoride offering advantages in electrocatalysis and potential use in applications.

The recently described solid solution (Co,Ni,Mn)3Sb4O6F6 has proved stable and efficient as a catalyst for electrocatalytic water oxidation. The end component Co3Sb4O6F6 was found to be most efficient, maintaining a current density of j = 10 mA cm(-2) at an overpotential of 443 mV with good capability. At this current density, O2 and H2 were produced in the ratio 1 : 2 without loss of faradaic current against a Pt-cathode. A morphological change in the crystallite surface was observed after 0.5 h, however, even after 64.5 h, the overall shape and size of the small crystallites were unaffected and the electrolyte contained only 0.02 at% Co. It was also possible to conclude from in situ EXAFS measurements that the coordination around Co did not change. The oxofluorides express both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface sites, incorporate a flexible metalloid element and offer the possibility of a mechanism that differs from other inorganic catalytic pathways previously described.

Improved method to measure aldehyde adducts to N-terminal valine in hemoglobin using 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 2,5-furandialdehyde as model compounds.

Hemoglobin (Hb) adducts are used to measure reactive compounds/metabolites in vivo. Schiff base adducts from aldehydes to N-termini in Hb have been measured by GC-MS/MS after stabilisation through reduction, and detachment by a modified Edman procedure. This paper describes a further development using 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and its probable metabolite, 2,5-furandialdehyde (FDA), as model compounds. Reference compounds were synthesized and characterized. The conditions for the reduction of the Schiff bases were optimized using NaBH(3)CN as a mild reducing agent, and steps used in the earlier method could be deleted. The adduct from FDA could not be specifically analysed, as selective reduction of the imine could not be achieved. In a few samples of human blood, background levels of 10-35 pmol/g globin of the HMF adduct were observed. Half-lifes of the reversible Schiff base adduct from HMF were determined to 3.4h at 37 degrees C and 10.9h at 25 degrees C. The developed method showed good sensitivity and reproducibility for the analysis of the Schiff base from HMF, with improvements regarding simplicity of work-up procedures due to mild conditions. The developed method could be explored for application to adducts from other aldehydes bound as Schiff bases to N-termini in Hb.

Identification of hydroxylated PCB metabolites and other phenolic halogenated pollutants in human blood plasma.

A growing number of studies have reported phenolic halogenated compounds (PHCs) that are retained in the blood of humans and wildlife. These PHCs may be industrial chemicals; metabolites thereof, as in the case with polychlorobiphenylols (OH-PCBs); or of natural origin. The present study was aimed to identify hitherto unknown PHCs in human plasma with chemical structures that are consistent to PHCs known to possess endocrine-disrupting activity. For this purpose, samples of blood plasma from 10 randomly selected male blood donors from Sweden were pooled and analyzed by GC/ECD and GC/MS. Brominated, bromochlorinated, and chlorinated methyl derivatives of phenols and OH-PCBs were synthesized to be used as authentic reference standards. More than 100 PHCs were indicated in the plasma, and among those a total of 9 monocyclic brominated or chlorinated phenol-, guaiacol-, and/or catechol-type compounds were identified as their methylated derivatives. The two major compounds were 2,4,6-tribromophenol and pentachlorophenol. Thirty-eight OH-PCB congeners were structurally identified on two GC columns of different polarity. The origin of the OH-PCB metabolites in the context of their parent PCB congeners are suggested. Other PHCs identified in the male plasma were Triclosan (5-chloro-2-[2,4-dichlorophenoxy] phenol), a common bactericide; 4-hydroxy-heptachlorostyrene, a metabolite of octachlorostyrene; and 3,5-dibromo-2-(2,4-dibromophenoxy)phenol, a natural compound and a potential metabolite of polybrominated diphenyl ethers.

Reproductive toxicity in mink (Mustela vison) chronically exposed to environmentally relevant polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations.

Female mink were exposed to a technical polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) preparation (Clophen A50 [A50]; 0.1 or 0.3 mg/animal/d), one fraction of A50 containing the non- and mono-ortho-chlorinated congeners (0-1-ortho-chlorobiphenyls [CBs]), another fraction of A50 containing the congeners with two to four ortho-chlorines (2-4-ortho-CBs), or an organic extract from Baltic gray seal blubber. The animals were exposed for 18 months, including two reproduction seasons. Among the animals given the highest dose of A50, the whelping frequency was reduced in the second reproductive season, and all kits died within 24 h of birth. Reproduction was also impaired by the lower dose of A50. Daily exposure to the 0-1-ortho-CBs separated from 0.3 mg A50 severely reduced kit survival. Reproduction was not significantly impaired by daily exposure to the 2-4-ortho-CBs separated from 0.3 mg A50 or by exposure to the blubber extract. We conclude that the reproductive toxicity in chronically PCB-exposed mink is caused by the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor agonists. The lowest-observed-effect level for reproductive impairment was 2.4 ng 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) equivalents (TEQs) per kilogram body weight and day (22 pg TEQs/g feed). Ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) was strongly induced by the 0-1-ortho-CBs and pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase by the 2-4-ortho-CBs. High EROD activity was correlated with low kit production, and consequently EROD may serve as a marker for reproductive toxicity by Ah receptor agonists in mink.