Association between visual problems, insufficient emotional support and urinary incontinence with disability in elderly people living in a poor district in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A six-year follow-up study.

INTRODUCTION: Disability follows the rapid rate of population ageing, imposing a huge burden on society. Functional assessment in older people can identify predictors of disability. OBJECTIVE: Analyze the incidence and the risk factors for disability in activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) in older adults over six years. METHODS: Six year-follow up study initiated in 2010. The baseline non-probabilistic sample consisted of 180 independent community dwelling individuals aged 60 and over. The procedures comprised an interview with sociodemographic data, questions about falls, urinary incontinence, self-rated health, and assessment of ADL, IADL, mobility, depression, vision, hearing, cognition, nutrition, grip strength and social support. The second research was carried out by telephone and assessed ADL and IADL. Logistic regression models calculated the odds of disability in ADL and IADL according to the age, sex and all other variables. RESULTS: At six-year follow-up, 118 participants were still alive (65.6%), 31 died (17%) and other 31 were missed (17%). The incidence of disability to performADL and IADL were 25.4% and 32.3%, respectively. The regression logistic models revealed thaturinary incontinence (OR = 3.2; P = 0.03) and insufficient emotional support (OR = 3.8; P = 0.04) were associated with ADL disability, while visual problems (OR: 2.9; P = 0.03) and insufficient emotional support (OR: 5.6; P = 0.01) were associated with IADL disability. CONCLUSION: The current study has identified that insufficient emotional support, visual problems and urinary incontinence are associated with disability in older adults. The routine assessment of these problems in the primary care clinics enable the implementation of strategies aimed at reducing or postponing disability. Educating patients and families will also enable better choices to reduce the risk of functional decline.

[Prevalence of overburden in caregivers of dependent elderly and associated factors in a poor area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]. / Prevalência de sobrecarga e respectivos fatores associados em cuidadores de idosos dependentes, em uma região pobre do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

Population aging has led to increased dependency and overburden of family caregivers of dependent elderly. The aim was to verify prevalence of family caregivers overburden and associated factors in a poor and violent area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional study of 140 elderly and family caregivers, focusing on social support, abuse, cohabitation, and family caregivers overburden, in addition to dependency, cognitive decline, and depression in the elderly. Multiple logistic models were constructed to explain family caregivers overburden. The following characteristics of the elderly were associated with family caregivers overburden: age (OR = 0.94; p < 0.002), depression (OR = 2.59; p < 0.005), and cognitive decline (OR = 3.19; p < 0.03). As for family caregivers characteristics, only social support remained relevant (OR = 2.35; p < 0.005). In conclusion, investigating and treating depression and dementia in the elderly and promoting support for their caregivers can contribute to the effective management of family caregivers overburden and improve quality of care for both.

Prevalência de sobrecarga e respectivos fatores associados em cuidadores de idosos dependentes, em uma região pobre do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Prevalence of overburden in caregivers of dependent elderly and associated factors in a poor area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Prevalencia de sobrecarga y factores asociados en cuidadores de ancianos dependientes en una región pobre de Río de Janeiro, Brasil

Resumo: O envelhecimento populacional ocasionou aumento da dependência e da sobrecarga de cuidadores familiares de idosos dependentes. O objetivo foi verificar, entre cuidadores familiares, a prevalência de sobrecarga e os fatores associados a ela em uma região pobre e violenta do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Trata-se de estudo transversal com 140 idosos e cuidadores familiares, para investigar apoio social, maus tratos, coabitação e sobrecarga nos cuidadores familiares, além de dependência, declínio cognitivo e depressão no idoso. Modelos logísticos múltiplos foram construídos no intuito de explicar a sobrecarga dos cuidadores familiares. As seguintes características dos idosos se associaram à sobrecarga: idade (OR = 0,94; p < 0,002), depressão (OR = 2,59; p < 0,005) e declínio cognitivo (OR = 3,19; p < 0,03). Em relação aos fatores dos cuidadores familiares, apenas apoio social manteve a relevância (OR = 2,35; p < 0,005). Conclui-se que investigar e tratar depressão e demência em idosos, assim como prover apoio aos seus cuidadores, podem contribuir para o manejo efetivo da sobrecarga de cuidadores familiares, melhorando a qualidade do cuidado e a saúde de ambos.

Abstract: Population aging has led to increased dependency and overburden of family caregivers of dependent elderly. The aim was to verify prevalence of family caregivers overburden and associated factors in a poor and violent area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional study of 140 elderly and family caregivers, focusing on social support, abuse, cohabitation, and family caregivers overburden, in addition to dependency, cognitive decline, and depression in the elderly. Multiple logistic models were constructed to explain family caregivers overburden. The following characteristics of the elderly were associated with family caregivers overburden: age (OR = 0.94; p < 0.002), depression (OR = 2.59; p < 0.005), and cognitive decline (OR = 3.19; p < 0.03). As for family caregivers characteristics, only social support remained relevant (OR = 2.35; p < 0.005). In conclusion, investigating and treating depression and dementia in the elderly and promoting support for their caregivers can contribute to the effective management of family caregivers overburden and improve quality of care for both.

Reumen: El envejecimiento poblacional ocasionó un aumento de la dependencia y de la sobrecarga de cuidadores familiares de ancianos dependientes. El objetivo fue verificar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a la sobrecarga de cuidadores familiares en una región pobre y violenta en Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Se realizó un estudio transversal con 140 ancianos y cuidadores familiares para investigar: apoyo social, malos tratos, cohabitación y sobrecarga en el cuidadores familiares; además de dependencia, declive cognitivo, depresión, en el anciano. Se construyeron modelos logísticos múltiples con la esperanza de explicar la sobrecarga del cuidadores familiares. Las siguientes características de los ancianos se asociaron a la sobrecarga: edad (OR = 0,94; p < 0,002), depresión (OR = 2,59; p < 0,005) y declive cognitivo (OR = 3,19; p < 0,03). En relación con los factores del cuidadores familiares, sólo el apoyo social mantuvo relevancia (OR = 2,35; p < 0,005). Investigar y tratar la depresión y demencia en ancianos, así como proveer apoyo a sus cuidadores, puede contribuir al manejo efectivo de la sobrecarga de cuidadores familiares, mejorando la calidad del cuidado y la salud de ambos.

Screening for depression in low-income elderly patients at the primary care level: use of the patient health questionnaire-2.

INTRODUCTION: Depression is one of the most common mental disorders and a leading cause of disability worldwide. It constitutes a serious public health problem, particularly among elderly individuals. Most depressed elderly patients are treated by primary care (PC) physicians. The "Patient Health Questionnaire" (PHQ-2) is an instrument used for the detection of depression in PC settings. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the performance of the PHQ-2 in a low-income and uneducated elderly PC population. METHODS: A non-probabilistic population sample of 142 individuals was selected from the healthcare unit's users ≧ 60 years. Criterion validity was assessed by estimating the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the PHQ-2 in comparison with the structured interview using the DSM-IV. The estimates of sensitivity and specificity were obtained from varying cut-offs of the PHQ-2 score. A Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. RESULTS: The group was predominantly female (73.9%), with low education level (mean 3 years of schooling). The mean age was 72.5 years old. The prevalence of depression was 26.1%. The best values of sensitivity (0.74), specificity (0.77), PPV (0.50) e NPV (0.90) were obtained with score equal to 1. The AUC was 0.77, indicating a modest performance of the test accuracy. CONCLUSION: The simplicity of the PHQ-2 is an advantage for its use in PC. The high NPV indicated that 90% of those who tested negative would not need additional tests. However, the low PPV indicated that the PHQ-2 is not sufficient to screen for depression. The application of the instrument could be the first step of the screening, that would include a second step to all those with positive tests formerly.

Assessment of social support and its association to depression, self-perceived health and chronic diseases in elderly individuals residing in an area of poverty and social vulnerability in rio de janeiro city, Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: Social support (SS) influences the elderly ability to cope with the losses of ageing process. This study was aimed at assessing SS among elderly users of a primary healthcare unit in a poor and violent area of Rio de Janeiro City, and at verifying its association with depression, self-perceived health (SPH), marital status and chronic illnesses. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed based on a convenience sample of 180 individuals aged 60 years or older. SS was measured with part of the Brazilian version of Medical Outcomes Study's SS scale, and SPH and depression were assessed, respectively, through one question and the Brazilian version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders. SS medians were calculated for the categories of SPH, depression, marital status and chronic illnesses variables, and differences were evaluated with the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Additionally, Pearson's chi-square test and logistic regression were employed to identify unadjusted and adjusted associations between SS and those variables. RESULTS: The participant's mean age was 73 years old, and level of education was 3 years of school education on average. They were predominantly females (73.3%), and non-married (55.0%). Among them, 74.4% perceived their SS as satisfactory, 55.0% perceived their health as good, 27.8% were diagnosed with major depression and 83.3% had hypertension. Especially for those depressed and with bad SPH, the medians of SS measure were much lower than for others, reaching an unsatisfactory level. Moreover, controlling for other factors, non-depressed individuals were more likely (OR = 2.32) to have satisfactory SS. CONCLUSION: in the violent and poor area explored in this research low SS is highly prevalent in the elderly. Depressed individuals are more likely to have low SS and this condition should be investigated in depressed elderly. The reduced scale is useful for low education individuals.

[The net for protection to the elderly of Rio de Janeiro: a right to be conquered]. / Rede de proteção aos idosos do Rio de Janeiro: um direito a ser conquistado.

This article is based on previous studies using triangulation of methods for investigating if violence is obstructing the rights of the elderly. A questionnaire with open and closed questions was applied to a convenience sample of 72 elderly (60 or more years of age) of both sexes. Twenty-two key-informants (elderly people, community leaders and representatives of public institutions) were interviewed. In this survey we investigate the net for protection to the elderly of the city of Rio de Janeiro (institutions, assistance flow, integration, denunciations and measures taken). We analyzed 763 records of occurrences of the Police Department for the Aged and 135 of the NEAPI (Nucleus for Special Assistance for the Aged), taken care of in 2004. We emphasize domestic violence committed by close relatives and point to the need of structuring the formal net through increasing the number of institutions for protection to the aged, professional qualification, communication and integration among the agencies composing the net. We also consider important stimulating the informal nets for support and protection to the elderly.

[The influence of falls on the quality of life of the aged]. / A influência das quedas na qualidade de vida de idosos.

The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of falls and their consequences on the quality of life of elderly people living in a low-income community in the city of Rio de Janeiro. This article is part of an explorative research conducted at CLAVES, using quantitative and qualitative methods. In this study we used quantitative data about falls and quality of life. 72 elderly aged over 60 years participated in the study. 51,4% of them were females, 20,8% lived alone and 37,5% admitted having suffered a fall during the last year. Among the most frequently mentioned consequences were fractures (24,3%), the fear of falling (88,5%), abandonment of activities (26,9%), change of habits (23,1%) and immobilization (19%). The analysis showed that falls have influence upon in the quality of life of the aged. The WHOQOL-Bref domain scores showed a reduction in the means of the group that had suffered falls during the last year in comparison to those who didn't fall, and the difference was more significant in the psychological field. In short, falls are frequent among the elderly and bring consequences that change the quality of life of these people in a negative way. Their incidence can be avoided by identifying the causes and developing appropriate preventive measures.

Rede de proteção aos idosos do Rio de Janeiro: um direito a ser conquistado / The net for protection to the elderly of Rio de Janeiro: a right to be conquered

Partimos de pesquisa anterior que triangulou métodos ao investigar se a violência impede a garantia dos direitos dos idosos. A uma amostra de conveniência de 72 idosos (60 ou mais anos), de ambos os sexos, aplicamos um questionário com questões abertas e fechadas e entrevistamos 22 informantes-chave (idosos, líderes comunitários e representantes de órgãos públicos). Neste recorte, investigamos a rede de proteção ao idoso do município do Rio de Janeiro (instituições, fluxo do atendimento, articulação, denúncias que chegam e medidas tomadas). Analisamos 763 registros de ocorrências da Delegacia do Idoso e 135 do NEAPI, atendidas em 2004. Destacamos a violência doméstica perpetrada por parentes próximos. Apontamos a necessidade de estruturação da rede formal com aumento do número de instituições de proteção ao idoso, capacitação profissional, comunicação e articulação entre os órgãos que a compõem. Julgamos importante estimular as redes informais de apoio e proteção aos idosos.

This article is based on previous studies using triangulation of methods for investigating if violence is obstructing the rights of the elderly. A questionnaire with open and closed questions was applied to a convenience sample of 72 elderly (60 or more years of age) of both sexes. Twenty-two key-informants (elderly people, community leaders and representatives of public institutions) were interviewed. In this survey we investigate the net for protection to the elderly of the city of Rio de Janeiro (institutions, assistance flow, integration, denunciations and measures taken). We analyzed 763 records of occurrences of the Police Department for the Aged and 135 of the NEAPI (Nucleus for Special Assistance for the Aged), taken care of in 2004. We emphasize domestic violence committed by close relatives and point to the need of structuring the formal net through increasing the number of institutions for protection to the aged, professional qualification, communication and integration among the agencies composing the net. We also consider important stimulating the informal nets for support and protection to the elderly.

A influência das quedas na qualidade de vida de idosos / The influence of falls on the quality of life of the aged

O objetivo desse artigo é analisar o efeito das quedas e suas conseqüências na qualidade de vida de idosos de uma comunidade de baixa renda do município do Rio de Janeiro. Este artigo é parte de um estudo exploratório realizado no CLAVES, que usou metodologia quantitativa e qualitativa. No presente trabalho, utilizou-se um recorte dos dados quantitativos referentes às quedas e à qualidade de vida. Participaram do estudo 72 idosos com idade de 60 ou mais anos, entre os quais 51,4 por cento eram do sexo feminino, 20,8 por cento moravam sozinhos e 37,5 por cento admitiram ter caído no último ano. Entre as conseqüências mais citadas das quedas estão as fraturas (24,3 por cento), o medo de cair (88,5 por cento), o abandono de atividades (26,9 por cento), a modificação de hábitos (23,1 por cento) e a imobilização (19 por cento). A análise mostrou que há influência das quedas na qualidade de vida dos idosos estudados. Em todos os domínios do WHOQOL-Bref, houve redução nas médias do grupo que caiu no último ano em relação aos que não caíram e a diferença foi mais significativa no domínio psicológico. Enfim, as quedas são freqüentes entre os idosos e trazem conseqüências que alteram negativamente a qualidade de vida dessas pessoas. Sua ocorrência pode ser evitada com medidas preventivas adequadas, identificando causas e desenvolvendo métodos para reduzir sua ocorrência.

The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of falls and their consequences on the quality of life of elderly people living in a low-income community in the city of Rio de Janeiro. This article is part of an explorative research conducted at CLAVES, using quantitative and qualitative methods. In this study we used quantitative data about falls and quality of life. 72 elderly aged over 60 years participated in the study. 51,4 percent of them were females, 20,8 percent lived alone and 37,5 percent admitted having suffered a fall during the last year. Among the most frequently mentioned consequences were fractures (24,3 percent), the fear of falling (88,5 percent), abandonment of activities (26,9 percent), change of habits (23,1 percent) and immobilization (19 percent). The analysis showed that falls have influence upon in the quality of life of the aged. The WHOQOL-Bref domain scores showed a reduction in the means of the group that had suffered falls during the last year in comparison to those who didn't fall, and the difference was more significant in the psychological field. In short, falls are frequent among the elderly and bring consequences that change the quality of life of these people in a negative way. Their incidence can be avoided by identifying the causes and developing appropriate preventive measures.

Bem-estar no idoso: uma visäo de mundo, releitura pichoniana da clientela atendida e equipe em uma unidade de saúde / The senior's well-being: a world vision, readings in pichoniana of the assisted clientele and equip in an unit of health

Visa explicitar a visäo sobre bem-estar no idoso, que norteia a prática do Serviço Social, inserido no Programa de Atençäo à Saúde do Idoso (PASI). Objetiva outrossim, fornecer instrumentos para reflexäo que possibilitem a outros profissionais, no desenvolvimento de sua práxis, novas releituras do trabalho com o idoso.