Penicillin V versus amoxicillin for pneumonia in children - a Swedish nationwide emulated target trial.

OBJECTIVES: While most countries recommend amoxicillin for pediatric pneumonia, there is a long tradition of treatment with penicillin V (PcV) in Sweden, thus not empirically covering Haemophilus influenzae. There are, however, large regional differences in treatment practice. The aim was to compare clinical outcomes (treatment failure and severe complications), in children aged 1 to 59 months treated with PcV versus amoxicillin for pneumonia. METHODS: This population-based emulated target trial included all children born in Sweden between 2001-2021, utilizing national health, sociodemographic, and population registers. All pneumonia cases from hospitals and pediatric outpatient clinics in children aged 1 to 59 months treated as outpatients with PcV or amoxicillin between July 2005-December 2021, were identified. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR)s and 95% confidence intervals (CI)s for treatment failure (new dispensed antibiotic prescription or pneumonia associated hospitalization day 1-14) and severe complications (lung complications, invasive bacterial disease, admission to intensive care unit or death day 1-28) were calculated with logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: PcV was prescribed in 14,766 cases, and amoxicillin in 10,566. Treatment failure occurred in 7.7% with PcV versus 4.7% with amoxicillin, aOR 1.76 (95% CI: 1.54-2.00). Severe complications were rare, with no significant difference between PcV and amoxicillin (0.3% vs. 0.2%, aOR 0.96, 95% CI: 0.53-1.73). Sensitivity and interaction analyses showed consistent results. CONCLUSIONS: PcV treatment compared to amoxicillin, was associated with an increased risk for treatment failure but not for severe complications. The absolute risks for adverse outcomes were low in both groups suggesting a minor role of H. influenzae in pediatric pneumonia.

Correction: The role of PMA in enhancing the surface acidity and catalytic activity of a bimetallic Cr-Mg-MOF and its applications for synthesis of coumarin and dihydropyrimidinone derivatives.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/D0RA03591B.].

Comorbidity Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Asthma and Allergic Diseases: A Genetically Informed Study.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about shared origins between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and allergic diseases (asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema). We aimed to expand current knowledge on the etiological sources of comorbidities between these disorders using a range of genetically informed methods. METHODS: Within-individual and familial co-aggregation analysis was applied to 2 873 445 individuals born in Sweden from 1987 to 2014 and their first- and second-degree relatives. Quantitative genetic modeling was applied to 38 723 twin pairs to decompose the genetic and environmental sources for comorbidity. Polygenic risk score analysis between IBD and allergic diseases was conducted in 48 186 genotyped twins, and linkage disequilibrium score regression was applied using publicly available data to explore the genetic overlap. RESULTS: IBD was associated with asthma (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30 to 1.40), allergic rhinitis (aOR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.20 to 1.34), and eczema (aOR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.38 to 1.56), with similar estimates for ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. The ORs for familial co-aggregation decreased with decreasing genetic relatedness. Quantitative genetic modeling revealed little evidence of common genetic factors between IBD and allergic diseases (eg, IBD and allergic rhinitis; genetic correlation ra = 0.06; 95% CI, -0.03 to 0.15) but did reveal some evidence of unique environmental factors between IBD and eczema (re = 0.16; 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.32). Molecular genetic analyses were similarly null for IBD and allergic diseases, except for a slight association between Crohn's disease polygenic risk score and eczema (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.12). CONCLUSIONS: We found little evidence to support a shared origin between IBD and any allergic disease but weak evidence for shared genetic and unique environmental components for IBD and eczema.

Comorbidities between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with asthma and allergic diseases have been documented, but shared origin remains unknown. Using multiple genetically informed approaches, we found little evidence of a shared origin explaining the comorbidities of IBD with asthma and allergic rhinitis but weak evidence for IBD and eczema.

A comparative study of α-Ni(OH)2 and Ni nanoparticle supported ZIF-8@reduced graphene oxide-derived nitrogen doped carbon for electrocatalytic ethanol oxidation.

Ethanol electrooxidation is an important reaction for fuel cells, however, the major obstacle to ethanol electrocatalysis is the splitting of the carbon-carbon bond to CO2 at lower overpotentials. Herein, a ZIF-8@graphene oxide-derived highly porous nitrogen-doped carbonaceous platform containing zinc oxide was attained for supporting a non-precious Ni-based catalyst. The support was doped with the disordered α-phase Ni(OH)2 NPs and Ni NPs that are converted to Ni(OH)2 through potential cycling in alkaline media. The Ni-based catalysts exhibit high electroactivity owing to the formation of the NiOOH species which has more unpaired d electrons that can bond with the adsorbed species. From CV curves, the EOR onset potential of the α-Ni(OH)2/ZNC@rGO electrode is strongly shifted to negative potential (Eonset = 0.34 V) with a high current density of 8.3 mA cm-2 relative to Ni/ZNC@rGO. The high catalytic activity is related to the large interlayer spacing of α-Ni(OH)2 which facilitates the ion-solvent intercalation. Besides, the porous structure of the NC and the high conductivity of rGO facilitate the kinetic transport of the reactants and electrons. Finally, the catalyst displays a high stability of 92% after 900 cycles relative to the Ni/ZNC@rGO and commercial Pt/C catalysts. Hence, the fabricated α-Ni(OH)2/ZNC@rGO catalyst could be regarded as a potential catalyst for direct EOR in fuel cells.

Selective Reduction of Multivariate Metal-Organic Frameworks for Advanced Electrocatalytic Cathodes in High Areal Capacity and Long-Life Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Lithium-sulfur batteries hold great promise as next-generation high-energy-density batteries. However, their performance has been limited by the low cycling stability and sulfur utilization. Herein, we demonstrate that a selective reduction of the multivariate metal-organic framework, MTV-MOF-74 (Co, Ni, Fe), transforms the framework into a porous carbon decorated with bimetallic CoNi alloy and Fe3O4 nanoparticles capable of entrapping soluble lithium polysulfides while synergistically facilitating their rapid conversion into Li2S. Electrochemical studies on coin cells containing 89 wt % sulfur loading revealed a reversible capacity of 1439.8 mA h g-1 at 0.05 C and prolonged cycling stability for 1000 cycles at 1 C/1060.2 mA h g-1 with a decay rate of 0.018% per cycle. At a high areal sulfur loading of 6.9 mg cm-2 and lean electrolyte/sulfur ratio (4.5 µL:1.0 mg), the battery based on the 89S@CoNiFe3O4/PC cathode provides a high areal capacity of 6.7 mA h cm-2. The battery exhibits an outstanding power density of 849 W kg-1 at 5 C and delivers a specific energy of 216 W h kg-1 at 2 C, corresponding to a specific power of 433 W kg-1. Density functional theory shows that the observed results are due to the strong interaction between the CoNi alloy and Fe3O4, facilitated by charge transfer between the polysulfides and the substrate.

Mechanical circulatory support versus vasopressors alone in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have compared Impella use to intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) use in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock (AMI-CS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Our objective was to compare clinical outcomes in patients with AMI-CS undergoing PCI who received Impella (percutaneous left ventricular assist device) without vasopressors, IABP without vasopressors, and vasopressors without mechanical circulatory support (MCS). METHODS: We queried the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) using ICD-10 codes (2015-2018) to identify patients with AMI-CS undergoing PCI. We created three propensity-matched cohorts to examine clinical outcomes in patients receiving Impella versus IABP, Impella versus vasopressors without MCS, and IABP versus vasopressors without MCS. RESULTS: Among 17,762 patients, Impella use was associated with significantly higher in-hospital major bleeding (31.4% vs. 13.6%; p < 0.001) and hospital charges (p < 0.001) compared to IABP use, with no benefit in mortality (34.1% vs. 26.9%; p = 0.06). Impella use was associated with significantly higher mortality (42.3% vs. 35.7%; p = 0.02), major bleeding (33.9% vs. 22.7%; p = 0.001), and hospital charges (p < 0.001), when compared to the use of vasopressors without MCS. There were no significant differences in clinical outcomes between IABP use and the use of vasopressor without MCS. CONCLUSIONS: In this analysis of retrospective data of patients with AMI-CS undergoing PCI, Impella use was associated with higher mortality, major bleeding, and in-hospital charges when compared to vasopressor therapy without MCS. When compared to IABP use, Impella was associated with no mortality benefit, along with higher major bleeding events and in-hospital charges. A vasopressor-only strategy suggested no difference in clinical outcomes when compared to IABP. This study uses the NIS for the first time to highlight outcomes in AMI-CS patients undergoing PCI when treated with vasopressor support without MCS, compared to Impella and IABP use.

Risk factors for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection during the first year of life: development and validation of a clinical prediction model.

BACKGROUND: Novel immunisation methods against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are emerging, but knowledge of risk factors for severe RSV disease is insufficient for optimal targeting of interventions against them. Our aims were to identify predictors for RSV hospital admission from registry-based data and to develop and validate a clinical prediction model to guide RSV immunoprophylaxis for infants younger than 1 year. METHODS: In this model development and validation study, we studied all infants born in Finland between June 1, 1997, and May 31, 2020, and in Sweden between June 1, 2006, and May 31, 2020, along with the data for their parents and siblings. Infants were excluded if they died or were admitted to hospital for RSV within the first 7 days of life. The outcome was hospital admission due to RSV bronchiolitis during the first year of life. The Finnish study population was divided into a development dataset (born between June 1, 1997, and May 31, 2017) and a temporal hold-out validation dataset (born between June 1, 2017, and May 31, 2020). The development dataset was used for predictor discovery and selection in which we screened 1511 candidate predictors from the infants', parents', and siblings' data, and developed a logistic regression model with the 16 most important predictors. This model was then validated using the Finnish hold-out validation dataset and the Swedish dataset. FINDINGS: In total, there were 1 124 561 infants in the Finnish development dataset, 130 352 infants in the Finnish hold-out validation dataset, and 1 459 472 infants in the Swedish dataset. In addition to known predictors such as severe congenital heart defects (adjusted odds ratio 2·89, 95% CI 2·28-3·65), we confirmed some less established predictors for RSV hospital admission, most notably oesophageal malformations (3·11, 1·86-5·19) and lower complexity congenital heart defects (1·43, 1·25-1·63). The prediction model's C-statistic was 0·766 (95% CI 0·742-0·789) in Finnish data and 0·737 (0·710-0·762) in Swedish validation data. The infants in the highest decile of predicted RSV hospital admission probability had 4·5 times higher observed risk compared with others. Calibration varied according to epidemic intensity. The model's performance was similar to a machine learning (XGboost) model using all 1511 candidate predictors (C-statistic in Finland 0·771, 95% CI 0·754-0·788). The prediction model showed clinical utility in decision curve analysis and in hypothetical number needed to treat calculations for immunisation, and its C-statistic was similar across different strata of parental income. INTERPRETATION: The identified predictors and the prediction model can be used in guiding RSV immunoprophylaxis in infants, or as a basis for further immunoprophylaxis targeting tools. FUNDING: Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, European Research Council, Pediatric Research Foundation, and Academy of Finland.

Construction of thickness-controllable bimetallic sulfides/reduced graphene oxide as a binder-free positive electrode for hybrid supercapacitors.

Devices for electrochemical energy storage with exceptional capacitance and rate performance, outstanding energy density, simple fabrication, long-term stability, and remarkable reversibility have always been in high demand. Herein, a high-performance binder-free electrode (3D NiCuS/rGO) was fabricated as a supercapacitor by a simple electrodeposition process on a Ni foam (NF) surface. The thickness of the deposited materials on the NF surface was adjusted by applying a low cycle number of cyclic voltammetry (5 cycles) which produced a thin layer and thus enabled the easier penetration of electrolytes to promote electron and charge transfer. The NiCuS was anchored by graphene layers producing nicely integrated materials leading to a higher electroconductivity and a larger surface area electrode. The as-fabricated electrode displayed a high specific capacitance (2211.029 F g-1 at 5 mV s-1). The NiCuS/rGO/NF//active carbon device can achieve a stable voltage window of 1.5 V with a highly specific capacitance of 84.3 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1. At a power density of 749 W kg-1, a satisfactory energy density of 26.3 W h kg-1 was achieved, with outstanding coulombic efficiency of 100% and an admirable life span of 96.2% after 10 000 GCD cycles suggesting the significant potential of the as-prepared materials for practical supercapacitors.

Synthesis of Highly Efficient and Recyclable Bimetallic Cox-Fe1-x-MOF for the Synthesis of Xanthan and Removal of Toxic Pb2+ and Cd2+ Ions.

Mono-(Fe) and bimetallic Cox-Fe1-x-MOF with different Co and Fe contents was successfully synthesized by the solvothermal method. The structural properties of the prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results revealed the successful formation of mono and mixed Cox-Fe1-x-MOF. Also, the results of TEM displayed that the particle structure of Cox-Fe1-x-MOF changed to octahedral after the addition of cobalt. The surface acidity results illustrated that the samples showed both Lewis and Brønsted acid sites, and Cox-Fe1-x-MOF possessed more surface acidity than Fe-MOF. The catalytic performance of the prepared samples was tested by synthesis of 14-phenyl-14H-dibenzo [a, j] xanthene (xanthene), and bimetallic Cox-Fe1-x-MOF showed higher activity compared to monometallic Fe-MOF. The sample with Co0.50-Fe0.50-MOF gave the highest yield of xanthene with 90.2%. In addition, the prepared samples were used for removal of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions from the aqueous solution. The sample with Co0.50-Fe0.50-MOF showed the highest removal efficiency compared with mono- and other bimetallic samples. The results illustrated that the addition of Co to Fe enhanced the structural properties, acidity, and catalytic performance of the prepared samples due to the synergistic effect between Fe and Co ions. According to the obtained results, the prepared samples showed great potentials for the synthesis of pharmacologically active compounds and environmental protection.

Solar-driven seawater desalination via plasmonic hybrid MOF/polymer and its antibacterial activity.

In recent years, solar seawater desalination has been considered to be a promising and cost-effective technique to produce clean sources for water treatment and water deficiency. In addition, this technique shows high photothermal conversion efficiency by solar collectors to transfer solar energy into heat and the transformation of molecules in the capillaries of solar evaporators. In this study, we report the preparation of graphene-supported MIL-125 with polyurethane foam (MGPU) for solar steam generation. We modified MGPU by using the plasmonic nanoparticles of Ag and a polymer of polyaniline to increase the evaporation rate. Polyurethane foam can float on the surface of water and self-pump water by its hydrophilic porous structure, superior thermal insulation capabilities, and easy fabrication. MIL-125 has a high salt rejection and higher water permeability. It can reduce the affinity between water molecules and the pore surface of membrane, making it simple for water molecules to move through the pores. GO is a great alternative for steam generation applications since it exhibits broad-band light. The strong solar absorption, photothermal conversion efficiency, and photoreaction efficiency are enhanced by the use of silver nanoparticles in the photoreaction. The salt resistance capability is enhanced in saline water in the presence of polyaniline in a composite. Under one solar irradiation, the Ag/PANI/GO@MIL-125 (Ag-PMG) nanocomposite demonstrates an average 1.26 kg m2 h-1 rate of evaporation and an efficiency as high as 90%. The composite exhibits remarkable stability and durability after more than 10 cycles of use without a noticeable decrease in activity. In addition, the composite exhibits excellent organic dye removal from contaminated water and generates pure condensed freshwater. The antibacterial photoactivity of the photocatalysts was examined against B. subtilis and E. coli. The results demonstrate that Ag-PMG shows higher antibacterial activity than MIL-125 and PMG. It was shown that the presence of rGO, PANI, and Ag in the sample enhances the antimicrobial activity.

New Water-Soluble Poly(propylene imine) Dendrimer Modified with 4-Sulfo-1,8-naphthalimide Units: Sensing Properties and Logic Gates Mimicking.

A new water-soluble poly(propylene imine) dendrimer (PPI) modified with 4-sulfo-1,8-naphthalimid units (SNID) and its related structure monomer analog (SNIM) has been prepared by a simple synthesis. The aqueous solution of the monomer exhibited aggregation-induced emission (AIE) at 395 nm, while the dendrimer emitted at 470 nm due to an excimer formation beside the AIE at 395 nm. Fluorescence emission of the aqueous solution of either SNIM or SNID was significantly affected by traces of different miscible organic solvents, and the limits of detection were found to be less than 0.05% (v/v). Moreover, SNID exhibited the function to execute molecular size-based logic gates where it mimics XNOR and INHIBIT logic gates using water and ethanol as inputs and the AIE/excimer emissions as outputs. Hence, the concomitant execution of both XNOR and INHIBIT enables SNID to mimic digital comparators.

Angular Regioselective Synthesis of Varied Functionalized Hexahydro-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinazolin-9-ones and Their Antiproliferative Action.

New 2-thioxopyrimidin-4-ones capable of participating in regioselective reactions with functionally diverse hydrazonoyl chlorides towards angular regioisomers, rather than linear ones, were designed and synthesized to form stereoisomeric cis- and trans-hexahydro [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinazolin-9-ones to be tested as antitumor candidates. The angular regiochemistry of the products was verified through crystallographic experiments and NMR studies. In addition, the regioselectivity of the reaction was found to be independent of the stereochemistry of the used 2-thioxopyrimidin-4-one. Only compound 4c demonstrated satisfactory growth inhibition against all the cancer cells used among all the produced drugs.

Cesium salt of tungstophosphoric acid/mesoporous (zirconia-silica) composite for highly efficient synthesis of 7-hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin and removal of methylene blue.

The removal of harmful organic dyes from aqueous solutions has drawn the attention of scientists because of the substantial threat they pose to society's worldwide health. Hence, it is crucial to design an adsorbent that is both very effective in removing dyes and has the benefit of being inexpensive. In the present work, Cs salts of tungstophosphoric acid (CPW) supported mesoporous Zr-mSiO2 (mZS) with varying extents of Cs ions have been prepared by a two-step impregnation technique. Accordingly, a lowering in the surface acidity modes was observed after Cs exchanged protons of H3W12O40 and formed salts immobilized on the mZS support. After exchanging the protons with Cs ions, the characterization results revealed that the primary Keggin structure was unaltered. Moreover, the Cs exchanged catalysts had higher surface area than the parent H3W12O40/mZS, suggesting that Cs reacts with H3W12O40 molecules to create new primary particles with smaller sizes possessing inter-crystallite centers with a higher dispersion degree. With an increase in Cs content and thus a decrease in the acid strength and surface acid density, the methylene blue (MB) monolayer adsorption capacities on CPW/mZS catalysts were increased and reached an uptake capacity of 359.9 mg g-1 for Cs3PW12O40/mZS (3.0CPW/mZS). The catalytic formation of 7-hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin was also studied at optimum conditions and it is found that the catalytic activity is influenced by the amount of exchangeable Cs with PW on the mZrS support, which is in turn influenced by the catalyst acidity. The catalyst kept approximately the initial catalytic activity even after the fifth cycle.

Maternal depression or anxiety during pregnancy and offspring type 1 diabetes: a population-based family-design cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: To investigate the association between maternal depression/anxiety during pregnancy and offspring type 1 diabetes, to assess the specific importance of exposure during pregnancy by comparing across different exposure periods before and/or after pregnancy, and to explore potential unmeasured familial confounding. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a population-based cohort including 1 807 809 offspring born in Sweden 2002-2019. From national registers, data were available on diagnosis or medication prescription for depression/anxiety in and around pregnancy, as well as incident cases of type 1 diabetes defined through diagnosis or insulin treatment. Associations were examined using flexible parametric and Cox regression models. Familial confounding was explored using paternal exposure as a negative control and by comparing offspring exposed to maternal depression/anxiety with their unexposed siblings. RESULTS: For exposure during pregnancy, maternal depression/anxiety was associated with an increased risk of offspring type 1 diabetes onset after, but not before, 8 years of age (adjusted HR (aHR) 1.21 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.42]). Exposure occurring only during pregnancy was similarly associated to type 1 diabetes (aHR 1.24 (0.96 to 1.60)), whereas exposure occurring only before pregnancy was not (aHR 0.91 (0.64 to 1.30)). Associations were close to the null for paternal depression/anxiety (aHR 0.95 (0.72 to 1.25)), and point estimates were above 1 in sibling comparisons, although with wide CIs (aHR 1.36 (0.82 to 2.26)). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal depression/anxiety specifically during pregnancy seems to be associated with offspring type 1 diabetes. Paternal negative control and sibling comparisons indicate that the results cannot entirely be explained by familial confounding.

Silver sulfide decorated carbonaceous sawdust/ES-PANI composites as salt-resistant solar steam generator.

Solar steam generation (SSG) is a potential approach for resolving the global water and energy crisis while causing the least amount of environmental damage. However, using adaptable photothermal absorbers with salt resistance through a simple, scalable, and cost-effective production approach is difficult. Herein, taking advantage of the ultra-fast water transportation in capillaries, and the large seawater storage capacity of wood, we develop a highly efficient natural evaporator. The wood wastes (sawdust) were carbonized at low temperatures to fabricate a green and low-cost carbonaceous porous material (CW). To enhance the salt resistance in high saline water, this evaporator was coated with polyaniline emeraldine salt (ES-PANI) which was synthesized through facile and cost-effective one-step oxidation of aniline. Furthermore, the composite was decorated with silver sulfide to increase the evaporation rate which reached up to 1.1 kg m-2 h-1 under 1 sun irradiation with 91.5% efficiency. Besides, the evaporator performs exceptionally well over 10 cycles due to the salt resistance capability of ES-PANI which generates a "Donnan exclusion" effect against cations in saline water. The Ag2S@PANI/CW evaporator may be a viable large-scale generator of drinking water due to its high efficiency for energy conversion, simple and low-cost fabrication approach, salt-resistance, and durability.

Enhanced Photodynamic Efficacy Using 1,8-Naphthalimides: Potential Application in Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy.

This study addresses the need for antibacterial medication that can overcome the current problems of antibiotics. It does so by suggesting two 1,8-naphthalimides (NI1 and NI2) containing a pyridinium nucleus become attached to the imide-nitrogen atom via a methylene spacer. Those fluorescent derivatives are covalently bonded to the surface of a chloroacetyl-chloride-modified cotton fabric. The iodometric method was used to study the generation of singlet oxygen (1O2) by irradiation of KI in the presence of monomeric 1,8-naphthalimides and the dyed textile material. Both compounds generated reactive singlet oxygen, and their activity was preserved even after they were deposited onto the cotton fabric. The antibacterial activity of NI1 and NI2 in solution and after their covalent bonding to the cotton fabric was investigated. In vitro tests were performed against the model gram-positive bacteria B. cereus and gram-negative P. aeruginosa bacteria in dark and under light iradiation. Compound NI2 showed higher antibacterial activity than compound NI1. The light irradiation enhanced the antimicrobial activity of the compounds, with a better effect achieved against B. cereus.

Risk factors for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children - A population-based cohort study of over 2 million children.

Background: Although severe acute COVID-19 is rare in children, SARS-CoV-2 infection can trigger the novel post-infectious condition multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Increased knowledge on risk factors for MIS-C could improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of the condition and better guide targeted public health interventions. The aim of the study was to assess risk factors for MIS-C with the aim to identify vulnerable children. Methods: A register-based cohort study including all children and adolescents <19 years born in Sweden between March 1, 2001- December 31, 2020 was performed. Data on sociodemographic risk factors and comorbidities (sex, age, parental region of birth, parental education, asthma, autoimmune disease, chromosomal anomalies, chronic heart disease, chronic lung disease, obesity, life-limiting condition) were retrieved from national health and population registers. The outcome was MIS-C diagnosis according to the Swedish Pediatric Rheumatology Quality Register during March 1, 2020 - December 8, 2021.Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox regression analysis. Incidence rates per 100 000 person-years were calculated assuming a Poisson distribution. Findings: Among 2 117 443 children included in the study, 253 children developed MIS-C, corresponding to an incidence rate of 6·8 (95% CI: 6·0-7·6) per 100 000 person-years. Male sex (HR 1·65, 95% CI: 1·28-2·14), age 5-11 years (adjusted HR 1·44, 95% CI: 1·06-1·95 using children 0-4 years as reference), foreign-born parents (HR 2·53, 95% CI: 1·93-3·34), asthma (aHR 1·49, 95% CI: 1·00-2·20), obesity (aHR 2·15, 95% CI: 1·09-4·25) and life-limiting conditions (aHR 3·10, 95% CI: 1·80-5·33) were associated with MIS-C. Children 16-18 years had a reduced risk for MIS-C (aHR 0·45, 95% CI: 0·24-0·85). Interpretation: We report increased risks for MIS-C in children with male sex, age 5-11 years, foreign-born parents, asthma, obesity, and life-limiting condition. Knowing these risk populations might facilitate identification of children with MIS-C and potentially guide targeted public health interventions. Nevertheless, the absolute risks for MIS-C were very low. Funding: Financial support was provided from the Swedish Research Council (grant no 2018-02640), the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (grant no 20210416), the Asthma and Allergy Association, Ake Wiberg foundation, the Samariten Foundation, the Society of Child Care, and Region Stockholm.

Fe/Co-MOF Nanocatalysts: Greener Chemistry Approach for the Removal of Toxic Metals and Catalytic Applications.

This study describes the preparation of new bimetallic (Fe/Co)-organic framework (Bi-MOF) nanocatalysts with different percentages of iron/cobalt for their use and reuse in adsorption, antibacterial, antioxidant, and catalytic applications following the principles of green chemistry. The prepared catalysts were characterized using several techniques, including X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. These techniques proved the formation of MOFs, and the average crystallite sizes were 25.3-53.1, 27.6-67.2, 3.0-18.9, 3.0-12.9, and 3.0-23.6 nm for the Fe-MOF, Co-MOF, 10%Fe:90%Co-MOF, 50%Fe:50%Co-MOF, and 90%Fe:10%Co-MOF samples, respectively. The nanoscale (Fe/Co) Bi-MOF catalysts as efficient heterogeneous solid catalysts showed high catalytic activity with excellent yields and short reaction times in the catalytic reactions of quinoxaline and dibenzoxanthene compounds, in addition to their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Furthermore, the nanoscale (Fe/Co) Bi-MOF catalysts efficiently removed toxic metal pollutants (Pb2+, Hg2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+) from aqueous solutions with high adsorption capacity.

Paediatric asthma and non-allergic comorbidities: A review of current risk and proposed mechanisms.

It is increasingly recognized that children with asthma are at a higher risk of other non-allergic concurrent diseases than the non-asthma population. A plethora of recent research has reported on these comorbidities and progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms for comorbidity. The goal of this review was to assess the most recent evidence (2016-2021) on the extent of common comorbidities (obesity, depression and anxiety, neurodevelopmental disorders, sleep disorders and autoimmune diseases) and the latest mechanistic research, highlighting knowledge gaps requiring further investigation. We found that the majority of recent studies from around the world demonstrate that children with asthma are at an increased risk of having at least one of the studied comorbidities. A range of potential mechanisms were identified including common early life risk factors, common genetic factors, causal relationships, asthma medication and embryologic origins. Studies varied in their selection of population, asthma definition and outcome definitions. Next, steps in future studies should include using objective measures of asthma, such as lung function and immunological data, as well as investigating asthma phenotypes and endotypes. Larger complex genetic analyses are needed, including genome-wide association studies, gene expression-functional as well as pathway analyses or Mendelian randomization techniques; and identification of gene-environment interactions, such as epi-genetic studies or twin analyses, including omics and early life exposure data. Importantly, research should have relevance to clinical and public health translation including clinical practice, asthma management guidelines and intervention studies aimed at reducing comorbidities.

High-Efficacy Hierarchical Dy2O3/TiO2 Nanoflower toward Wastewater Reclamation: A Combined Photoelectrochemical and Photocatalytic Strategy.

Developing a sustainable photocatalyst is crucial to mitigate the foreseeable energy shortage and environmental pollution caused by the rapid advancement of global industry. We developed Dy2O3/TiO2 nanoflower (TNF) with a hierarchical nanoflower structure and a near-ideal anatase crystallite morphology to degrade aqueous rhodamine B solution under simulated solar light irradiation. The prepared photocatalyst was well-characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectra, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Further analysis was performed to highlight the photoelectrochemical activity of the prepared photocatalysts such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear sweep voltammetry, photocurrent response, and a Mott-Schottky study. The crystalline Dy2O3/TNF exhibits superb photocatalytic activity attributed to the improved charge transfer, reduced recombination rate of the electron-hole pairs, and a remarkable red-shift in light absorption.