RESUMO
Infections of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) can cause significant morbidity, mortality, and financial burden. Although staphylococcal organisms account for most infections of these cardiac devices, approximately 20% of all CIED-related infections are caused by non-Staphylococcus species. Herein we describe and compare the demographics, clinical presentation, and outcomes of Staphylococcus aureus and non-staphylococcal infections of CIED.We performed a retrospective, multicenter, observational study of patients from 4 academic hospitals in Houston between 2002 and 2009. All 80 identified non-staphylococcal CIED-related infections were matched, at a 1:1 ratio, to S. aureus infections.Although the demographics and general comorbidities in the 2 study groups were relatively similar, the S. aureus group had a higher proportion of patients with coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, and end-stage renal disease. Additionally, 81% of S. aureus compared with only 48.5% of the non-staphylococcal CIED-related infections were health care-associated (p < 0.001). Furthermore, when compared to non-staphylococcal infections, the S. aureus group had more indwelling intravascular foreign material (p < 0.001), more rapid clinical progression (p < 0.001), and overall worse clinical presentation (p < 0.001). However, after stratifying by clinical presentation, the mortality rates in the 2 groups were similar (p = 0.45).Since approximately one-fifth of all CIED-related infections are caused by non-staphylococcal organisms, and untimely antibiotic treatment can result in serious complications, it may be prudent to broaden empiric antimicrobial therapy to cover both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, until the causative organism is identified.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Arritmias Cardíacas/terapia , Bacteriemia/epidemiologia , Desfibriladores Implantáveis/efeitos adversos , Marca-Passo Artificial/efeitos adversos , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Comorbidade , Desfibriladores Implantáveis/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Marca-Passo Artificial/microbiologia , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/microbiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológicoAssuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Líquidos Corporais/microbiologia , Infecções Relacionadas a Cateter/prevenção & controle , Catéteres/microbiologia , Escherichia coli/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Drenagem/instrumentação , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Minociclina/uso terapêutico , Rifampina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Along with the rising use of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), there has been a disproportional increase in the number of infections of such devices. Little is known about nonstaphylococcal CIED-related infections, which make up approximately 10% to 30% of all CIED infections. METHODS AND RESULTS: A retrospective review of hospital records of patients admitted with a CIED-related infection was conducted in 4 academic hospitals in Houston, Tex, between 2002 and 2009. Of the 504 identified patients with CIED-related infection, 80 (16%) had a nonstaphylococcal infection and were the focus of this study. The mean duration of CIED placement before infection was 109+/-27 weeks, whereas 44% had their device previously manipulated within a mean of 29.5+/-6 weeks. The mean duration of clinical symptoms before admission was 48+/-12.8 days. Furthermore, 13 patients (16%) presented with CIED-related endocarditis. Although not described in prior reports, we identified 3 definite and 2 suspected cases of secondary Gram-negative bacteria seeding of the CIED. Inappropriate antimicrobial coverage was provided in approximately 50% of the cases with a mean period of 2.1 days. The overall mortality rate was 4%. CONCLUSIONS: Nonstaphylococcal CIED-related infections are prevalent and diverse with a relatively low virulence and mortality rate. Because nonstaphylococcal organisms are capable of secondarily seeding the CIED, a high suspicion for CIED-related infection is warranted in patients with bloodstream infection. In patients with suspected CIED infection, adequate Gram-positive and Gram-negative antibacterial coverage should be administered until microbiological data become available.