Burden and Correlates of Anaemia among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary Health Facility in Northwestern Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Anaemia is a common disorder occurring in about 33% of the global population. It is an important cardiovascular risk factor and a key indicator of some chronic complications of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). This study aimed to determine the burden of anaemia and its correlation with some clinical and biochemical parameters among patients with DM attending a tertiary health facility in Zaria, Northwestern Nigeria. SUBJECTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a case-control study in which 168 participants were enrolled (84 DM patients, 84 controls). It was conducted in the Endocrinology and Metabolic clinics of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria. Consenting DM patients were enrolled consecutively and subsequently, sex- and age-matched with non-diabetic controls. Data on age, gender and Haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were collated for all study participants. Additional data on type of DM, duration of DM once diagnosis, treatment, type of treatment, history of hypertension, chronic kidney disease, peripheral neuropathy, and Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) were collated for all cases. Data were collated and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Level of significance was set at <0.05. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Institutional Health Research Ethics Committee and informed consent was obtained from the all the participants. RESULTS: Females constituted 39/84(46.4%) of each arm of the study. The mean ± SD of age for both cases and controls was 53.7 ± 8.9 years. The mean ± SD duration of DM, treatment for DM and FBS were 8.4 ± 5.7 years, 5.0 ± 3.6 years and 6.1 ± 2.5mmol/L respectively. Cases had significantly lower Hb concentration compared to controls (12.1±2.2g/dl vs. 13.1 ± 1.4g/dl, t= -3.446, p = 0.001). Overall prevalence of anaemia among cases and controls was 36/84(42.9%) vs. 26/84(31.0%) Z = 1.6, p = 0.110. Among cases, haemoglobin concentration had very weak, inverse and non-statistically significant relationships with age, duration of DM diagnosis, duration of therapy and FBS levels. There was a significant relationship between anaemia on one hand and type of DM and treatment on the other. The odds of DM patients with history of CKD or uncontrolled FBS having anaemia were OR= 0.600 (95% CI 0.196, 1.836) and OR=1.755 (95% CI 0.737, 4.181) respectively. CONCLUSION: The burden of anaemia amongst patients with DM is high in Zaria, Northwestern Nigeria, and it is associated with poor glycaemic control. Hence, the need to include haematological assessment as part of routine care of patients with DM.

Erythropoietic Response to Anaemia of Dialysis Naïve Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in Zaria, North-West Nigeria.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health problem with an increasing prevalence worldwide. Anemia is one of its consistent and severe hematological complications although its mechanism is not fully elucidated. The primary defect could manifest as serum erythropoietin (sEPO) deficiency or EPO resistance. We set out to determine the erythropoietic response to anemia of patients with CKD and its relationship with their iron status in a cross-sectional descriptive study of 91 patients in various stages of CKD. Materials and Methods: Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), sEpo, and serum ferritin levels were determined using ELISA method (Diagnostic Automation Inc and WKEA med supplies corp.). Data generated were analyzed using Epi Info version 3.5.3 and level of statistical significance was set at ≤0.05. Results: Participants comprised of 50 females (54.9%) and 41 (45.1%) males with an overall mean age of 47 ± 15 years. The major causes of CKD were hypertension (HTN) (50.54%), diabetes mellitus (DM) (6.59%), and HTN + DM (19.78%). The mean hemoglobin (Hb) concentration of the participants was 10.97 ± 2.28 g/dl; the red cell indices were within normal ranges except for Red cell distribution width-Coefficient of variation (%) which was elevated (16.29%). The mean serum ferritin, sTfR, and sEpo were 70.58 ± 46.44 ng/ml (interquartile range [IQR] 82.00), 22.9 ± 49.7 ng/ml (IQR 15.00), and 12.49 ± 33.47 IU/L (IQR 6.00), respectively, with a high variance. Serum ferritin and sTfR are consistently low across the stages of CKD (range between 54.54 ng/ml and 88.64 ng/ml), but sEPO for stage 3 and 4 showed a 2-fold increase when compared to normal level at Hb 10.97 g/dl (29.54 IU/L and 38.83 IU/L, respectively). Correlation between sTfR and sEpo (r2 = 0.96, P = 0.001), while between sEpo and serum ferritin (r2 = 0.02, P = 0.185), and between Hb and stage of CKD undulating (r2 = 0.41, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: In contrast to some existing literature, this study has demonstrated that EPO resistance and iron deficiency contributes to anemia in CKD and serum ferritin can be used to assess the iron level of dialysis naïve CKD patients at every stage of the disease.

Variations in the ß-globin genes of sickle cell anaemia patients in Zaria, Northwestern, Nigeria.

CONTEXT: Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA) is a genetic disorder with a life-long disability, which is of public health importance. The diversity in its clinico-pathologic and laboratory presentations may be due to the interplay between additional genetic differences and environmental factors. The genetic factors may be within the ß-globin gene itself, the ß-globin gene cluster or elsewhere in the genome. AIM: To characterize the ß-globin gene for variations associated with the Sickle Cell mutation. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A cross-sectional descriptive study involving 51 adult SCA patients attending Sickle Cell Clinic of Haematology Department Ahmadu Bello University (ABUTH) Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. METHODS AND MATERIAL: The buccal swab specimens were collected and ß-globin gene DNA sequencing was done. The sequences obtained were compared with a Genbank Reference ß-globin gene (NC_000011.9) using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), and variations noted. Data generated were analyzed using SPSS Version 20.0. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Data generated was summarized by using charts, means±2SD, and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: There were 40 (78.43%) females and 11 (21.57%) males. The mean age of the participants was 25.35 ± 7.67 years, 95% CI (23.20, 27.51). The classic sickle cell mutation A T was present in all participants. The mean number of ß-Globin gene variations was 8.61±11.30, 95% CI (5.43, 11.78). The number of Substitutions were 122 (27.79%), insertions 184 (41.91%), and deletions 133 (30.30%). These occurred in various combinations. The mean number of substitutions, insertions, and deletions were 2.39±3.23, 3.61±7.66, and 2.60±2.46 with 95% CIs of (1.48, 3.30), (1.45, 5.76), and (1.92, 3.30) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There are ß-globin gene variations in SCA patients in Zaria, and locally relevant genetic database of the SCA population will be the cornerstone in understanding genotype-phenotype interactions in this disorder.