Synthesis and Isomeric Analysis of RuII Complexes Bearing Pentadentate Scaffolds.

A RuII-pentadentate polypyridyl complex [RuII(κ-N5-bpy2PYMe)Cl]+ (1+, bpy2PYMe = 1-(2-pyridyl)-1,1-bis(6-2,2'-bipyridyl)ethane) and its aqua derivative [RuII(κ-N5-bpy2PYMe)(H2O)]2+ (22+) were synthesized and characterized by experimental and computational methods. In MeOH, 1+ exists as two isomers in different proportions, cis (70%) and trans (30%), which are interconverted under thermal and photochemical conditions by a sequence of processes: chlorido decoordination, decoordination/recoordination of a pyridyl group, and chlorido recoordination. Under oxidative conditions in dichloromethane, trans-12+ generates a [RuIII(κ-N4-bpy2PYMe)Cl2]+ intermediate after the exchange of a pyridyl ligand by a Cl- counterion, which explains the trans/cis isomerization observed when the system is taken back to Ru(II). On the contrary, cis-12+ is in direct equilibrium with trans-12+, with absence of the κ-N4-bis-chlorido RuIII-intermediate. All these equilibria were modeled by density functional theory calculations. Interestingly, the aqua derivative is obtained as a pure trans-[RuII(κ-N5-bpy2PYMe)(H2O)]2+ isomer (trans-22+), while the addition of a methyl substituent to a single bpy of the pentadentate ligand leads to the formation of a single cis isomer for both chlorido and aqua derivatives [RuII(κ-N5-bpy(bpyMe)PYMe)Cl]+ (3+) and [RuII(κ-N5-bpy(bpyMe)PYMe)(H2O)]2+ (42+) due to the steric constraints imposed by the modified ligand. This system was also structurally and electrochemically compared to the previously reported [RuII(PY5Me2)X]n+ system (X = Cl, n = 1 (5+); X = H2O, n = 2 (62+)), which also contains a κ-N5-RuII coordination environment, and to the newly synthesized [RuII(PY4Im)X]n+ complexes (X = Cl, n = 1 (7+); X = H2O, n = 2 (82+)), which possess an electron-rich κ-N4C-RuII site due to the replacement of a pyridyl group by an imidazolic carbene.

Synthesis and Characterization of a Tetrapodal NO4(4-) Ligand and Its Transition Metal Complexes.

We present the synthesis and characterization of alkali metal salts of the new tetraanionic, tetrapodal ligand 2,2'-(pyridine-2,6-diyl)bis(2-methylmalonate) (A4[PY(CO2)4], A = Li(+), Na(+), K(+), and Cs(+)), via deprotection of the neutral tetrapodal ligand tetraethyl 2,2'-(pyridine-2,6-diyl)bis(2-methylmalonate) (PY(CO2Et)4). The [PY(CO2)4](4-) ligand is composed of an axial pyridine and four equatorial carboxylate groups and must be kept at or below 0 °C to prevent decomposition. Exposing it to a number of divalent first-row transition metals cleanly forms complexes to give the series K2[(PY(CO2)4)M(H2O)] (M = Mn(2+), Fe(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), Zn(2+)). The metal complexes were comprehensively characterized via single-crystal X-ray diffraction, (1)H NMR and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. Crystal structures reveal that [PY(CO2)4](4-) coordinates in a pentadentate fashion to allow for a nearly ideal octahedral coordination geometry upon binding an exogenous water ligand. Additionally, depending on the nature of the charge-balancing countercation (Li(+), Na(+), or K(+)), the [(PY(CO2)4)M(H2O)](2-) complexes can assemble in the solid state to form one-dimensional channels filled with water molecules. Aqueous electrochemistry performed on [(PY(CO2)4)M(H2O)](2-) suggested accessible trivalent oxidation states for the Fe, Co, and Ni complexes, and the trivalent Co(3+) species [(PY(CO2)4)Co(OH)](2-) could be isolated via chemical oxidation. The successful synthesis of the [PY(CO2)4](4-) ligand and its transition metal complexes illustrates the still-untapped versatility within the tetrapodal ligand family, which may yet hold promise for the isolation of more reactive and higher-valent metal complexes.

A new direction in dye-sensitized solar cells redox mediator development: in situ fine-tuning of the cobalt(II)/(III) redox potential through Lewis base interactions.

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) are an attractive renewable energy technology currently under intense investigation. In recent years, one area of major interest has been the exploration of alternatives to the classical iodide/triiodide redox shuttle, with particular attention focused on cobalt complexes with the general formula [Co(L)(n)](2+/3+). We introduce a new approach to designing redox mediators that involves the application of [Co(PY5Me(2))(MeCN)](2+/3+) complexes, where PY5Me(2) is the pentadentate ligand, 2,6-bis(1,1-bis(2-pyridyl)ethyl)pyridine. It is shown, by X-ray crystallography, that the axial acetonitrile (MeCN) ligand can be replaced by more strongly coordinating Lewis bases (B) to give complexes with the general formula [Co(PY5Me(2))(B)](2+/3+), where B = 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBP) or N-methylbenzimidazole (NMBI). These commonly applied DSC electrolyte components are used for the first time to fine-tune the potential of the redox couple to the requirements of the dye through coordinative interactions with the Co(II/III) centers. Application of electrolytes based on the [Co(PY5Me(2))(NMBI)](2+/3+) complex in combination with a commercially available organic sensitizer has enabled us to attain DSC efficiencies of 8.4% and 9.2% at a simulated light intensity of 100% sun (1000 W m(-2) AM1.5 G) and at 10% sun, respectively, higher than analogous devices applying the [Co(bpy)(3)](2+/3+) redox couple, and an open circuit voltage (V(oc)) of almost 1.0 V at 100% sun for devices constructed with the tBP complex.

HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitor-Inspired Antibacterials Targeting Isoprenoid Biosynthesis.

We report the discovery of antibacterial leads, keto- and diketo-acids, targeting two prenyl transferases: undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase (UPPS) and dehydrosqualene synthase (CrtM). The leads were suggested by the observation that keto- and diketo-acids bind to the active site Mg(2+)/Asp domain in HIV-1 integrase, and similar domains are present in prenyl transferases. We report the x-ray crystallographic structures of one diketo-acid and one keto-acid bound to CrtM, which supports the Mg(2+) binding hypothesis, together with the x-ray structure of one diketo-acid bound to UPPS. In all cases, the inhibitors bind to a farnesyl diphosphate substrate-binding site. Compound 45 had cell growth inhibition MIC(90) values of ~250-500 ng/mL against S. aureus, 500 ng/mL against Bacillus anthracis, 4 µg/mL against Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus faecium, and 1 µg/mL against Streptococcus pyogenes M1, but very little activity against E. coli (DH5α, K12) or human cell lines.

Head-to-head prenyl tranferases: anti-infective drug targets.

We report X-ray crystallographic structures of three inhibitors bound to dehydrosqualene synthase from Staphylococcus aureus: 1 (BPH-651), 2 (WC-9), and 3 (SQ-109). Compound 2 binds to the S2 site with its -SCN group surrounded by four hydrogen bond donors. With 1, we report two structures: in both, the quinuclidine headgroup binds in the allylic (S1) site with the side chain in S2, but in the presence of PPi and Mg(2+), the quinuclidine's cationic center interacts with PPi and three Mg(2+), mimicking a transition state involved in diphosphate ionization. With 3, there are again two structures. In one, the geranyl side chain binds to either S1 or S2 and the adamantane headgroup binds to S1. In the second, the side chain binds to S2 while the headgroup binds to S1. These results provide structural clues for the mechanism and inhibition of the head-to-head prenyl transferases and should aid future drug design.

Inhibition of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase by bisphosphonates: a crystallographic and computational investigation.

We report the X-ray structures of several bisphosphonate inhibitors of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, a target for anticancer drugs. Bisphosphonates containing unbranched side chains bind to either the farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) substrate site, the geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) product site, and in one case, both sites, with the bisphosphonate moiety interacting with 3 Mg (2+) that occupy the same position as found in FPP synthase. However, each of three "V-shaped" bisphosphonates bind to both the FPP and GGPP sites. Using the Glide program, we reproduced the binding modes of 10 bisphosphonates with an rms error of 1.3 A. Activities of the bisphosphonates in GGPPS inhibition were predicted with an overall error of 2x by using a comparative molecular similarity analysis based on a docked-structure alignment. These results show that some GGPPS inhibitors can occupy both substrate and product site and that binding modes as well as activity can be accurately predicted, facilitating the further development of GGPPS inhibitors as anticancer agents.