RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Research exploring the relationship between transformational leadership and safety has used transformational leadership in context-free (e.g., "general transformational leadership," or GTL) and context-specific forms (e.g., "safety-specific transformational leadership," or SSTL), assuming these constructs are theoretically and empirically equivalent. In this paper, a paradox theory is drawn on (Schad, Lewis, Raisch, & Smith, 2016; Smith & Lewis, 2011) to reconcile the relationship between these two forms of transformational leadership and safety. METHOD: This is done by: (a) investigating whether GTL and SSTL are empirically distinguishable; (b) testing the relative importance of GTL and SSTL in explaining variance in context-free work outcomes (i.e., in-role performance, organizational citizenship behaviors) and context-specific (i.e., safety compliance, safety participation); and (c) examining the extent to which perceived safety concern in the work environment renders GTL and SSTL distinguishable. RESULTS: Two studies (one cross-sectional, one short-term longitudinal) show that GTL and SSTL are psychometrically distinct albeit highly correlated. Furthermore, SSTL explained statistically more variance than GTL in both safety participation and organizational citizenship behaviors, whereas GTL explained more variance in in-role performance than did SSTL. However, GTL and SSTL were only distinguishable in low-concern contexts but not high-concern contexts. CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: These findings challenge the "either-or" (vs "both-and") approach to considering safety and performance, cautioning researchers to consider nuanced differences in context-free and context-specific forms of leadership and to avoid further proliferation of often redundant context-specific operationalizations of leadership.
Assuntos
Liderança , Projetos de Pesquisa , Humanos , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
Virtual internships (or e-internships) represent unique transitional and temporary learning experiences that have not been studied widely. Using 18 interviews conducted with interns and internship providers, the authors explored the extent to which psychological contracts appear to emerge and operate within this computer-mediated context. The results were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings indicate that while e-internships are temporary and hence transitional, they are not inevitably transactional. Relational and balanced contract characteristics are not necessarily uncommon in e-internships when these feature supervisory engagement and commitment to the e-internship as well as the customized use of technology to interact, monitor, and engage with interns
Las prácticas virtuales (o e-prácticas) representan experiencias únicas de aprendizaje temporal y transitorio que no han sido muy estudiadas. Usando 18 entrevistas realizadas con estudiantes en prácticas y con los proveedores de éstas, los autores exploraron hasta qué punto en este contexto mediado por ordenador parecen surgir y operar contratos psicológicos. Los resultados se analizaron usando análisis temático. Los hallazgos indican que aunque las e-prácticas son temporales y, por ello, transitorias, no son inevitablemente transaccionales. Contratos con características equilibradas y relacionales no son necesariamente infrecuentes en las e-prácticas cuando las mismas presentan el compromiso y la implicación de la supervisión con las e-prácticas, además del uso personalizado de la tecnología para interactuar, controlar, e implicarse con internos en prácticas
