Efectos de un programa de rehabilitación temprana en el desarrollo y adquisición de hitos motores en un niño con síndrome de Down: un estudio de caso / Effects of an early rehabilitation program on the development and acquisition of motor milestones in a child with Down syndrome: A case study

Antecedentes y objetivo: La rehabilitación temprana en el síndrome de Down (SD) es una estrategia fisioterápica de utilidad, si bien la evidencia científica al respecto no es muy amplia. Este estudio de caso tuvo como objetivo aportar información sobre los efectos de un programa de rehabilitación temprana en el perfil de desarrollo y adquisición de hitos de un niño con SD. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de caso único de medidas repetidas, en el que un niño con SD de 22 meses de edad realizó un programa de rehabilitación psicomotriz. Los contenidos incluyeron actividades de motricidad gruesa y fina, así como tareas de estimulación cognitiva. Para determinar los efectos del programa en el perfil de desarrollo y la adquisición de hitos motores, se emplearon el Inventario de Batelle y la batería «Peabody Motor Developmental Scale», respectivamente. Resultados: Tras completar un total de 10 sesiones se observó una evolución en las áreas personal/social, motoras, comunicativas y cognitiva del niño. El programa tuvo efectos positivos en la motricidad gruesa, si bien su impacto en la motricidad fina fue mucho menor (mejoras en 4 de los 8 ítems valorados). Conclusiones: La realización de un programa de rehabilitación temprana se tradujo en cambios positivos en el desarrollo y en la adquisición de hitos de la motricidad gruesa en un niño de 22 meses de edad con SD. Las mejoras en la motricidad fina son más complejas de lograr mediante este tipo de programas. (AU)

Background and objective: Early rehabilitation in Down syndrome (DS) is a useful physiotherapy strategy, although the scientific evidence in this respect is not very extensive. This case study aimed to provide information on the effects of an early rehabilitation program on the developmental profile and milestones’ acquisition in a child with DS. Materials and methods: A single case study of repeated measures was conducted, in which a 22-month-old child with DS underwent a psychomotor rehabilitation program. Sessions’ contents included gross and fine motor activities, as well as cognitive stimulation tasks. The Batelle Inventory and the Peabody Motor Developmental Scale Battery were used to determine the effects of the program on the developmental profile and the acquisition of motor milestones, respectively. Results: After completing a total of 10 sessions, a progressive evolution was observed in the personal/social, motor, communication and cognitive areas of the child. The program had positive effects on gross motor skills, although its impact on fine motor skills was minor (improvements in 4 of the 8 items assessed). Conclusions: The implementation of an early rehabilitation program resulted in positive developmental changes and in the acquisition of gross motor milestones in a 22-month-old child with DS. Improvements in fine motor skills are more complex to achieve through this type of programs. (AU)

Fiabilidad y validez del cuestionario SAPF y del pictograma de Stunkard en población mayor española / Reliability and validity of the SAPF questionnaire and the Stunkard rating scale amongst elderly Spanish people

Fundamento: El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar lafiabilidad y validez del cuestionario SAPF y del pictogra-ma de Stunkard para conocer la forma física autopercibi-da y el grado de insatisfacción corporal en un grupo depersonas mayores españolas. Método: Ambos instrumentos se adaptaron al castellanoy se administraron dos veces a un grupo de 86 personasmayores. Su fiabilidad y validez se evaluaron con el ín-dice de correlación intraclase (CCI), el alfa de Cronbachy el coeficiente rho de Spearman, a partir del nivel deforma física de los participantes y de su índice de masacorporal (IMC). La comparación de las variables con dis-tribución normal se realizó mediante ANOVA. Resultados: El cuestionario y el pictograma mostraronuna buena fiabilidad test-retest (CCI = 0,78 y CCI = 0,8respectivamente). La puntuación del SAPF y el nivel deforma física mostraron asociación débil (rho = 0,424) yla autopercepción de la propia composición corporaly el IMC, moderadamente fuerte (rho = 0,727). La formafísica autopercibida del 59,5 % de la muestra fue nor-mal, del 11,4 % mala y del 29,1 % buena. Solo el 27,06 %se mostró satisfecho con su imagen corporal, el restomostró su deseo de bajar de peso el equivalente a uno(47,1 %), dos (22,4 %) o tres o más puntos (3,5 %) en elpictograma. Conclusiones: La adaptación al castellano de los dos ins-trumentos mostró fiabilidad y validez, permitiendo cono-cer que gran parte de la muestra se mostró insatisfechacon su imagen corporal, aspecto sobre el que el IMC ejer-ció una influencia significativa

Background: The aim of the study was to identify the re-liability and validity of the SAPF questionnaire and theStunkard rating scale in determining self-perceived phys-ical appearance and the degree of body dissatisfaction ina group of elderly Spanish people. Methods: Both instruments were adapted to Spanishpeople and were administered twice to a group of 86 el-derly people. Their reliability and validity were assessedby means of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC),Cronbach’s alpha and Spearman’s rho coefficient, fromthe physical fitness level of the participants and theirbody mass index (BMI). ANOVA test was carried out tocompare the variables with normal distribution. Results: The questionnaire and the Stunkard ratingscale showed a good test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.78 andICC = 0.8, respectively). SAPF and fitness level showed asignificant, albeit weak, association (rho = 0.424), while theassociation between self-perception of body compositionand BMI was moderately strong (rho = 0.727). The self-per-ceived physical appearance of 59.5 % of the sample wasacknowledged to be normal, 11.4 % perceived it as bad and29.1 % as good. Only 27.1 % were satisfied with their bodyimage, while the other participants showed a desire tolose the equivalent weight of one (47.06 %), two (22.35 %)or three or more (3.5 %) points in the Stunkard scale. Conclusion: The versions of both instruments adaptedto Spanish persons showed reliability and validity, andshowed that it was possible to determine that a large partof the sample was dissatisfied with their body image. BMIhad a significant influence in this regard.(AU)

[Reliability and validity of the SAPF questionnaire and the Stunkard rating scale amongst elderly Spanish people].

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to identify the reliability and validity of the SAPF questionnaire and the Stunkard rating scale in determining self-perceived physical appearance and the degree of body dissatisfaction in a group of elderly Spanish people. METHODS: Both instruments were adapted to Spanish people and were administered twice to a group of 86 elderly people. Their reliability and validity were assessed by means of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Cronbach's alpha and Spearman's rho coefficient, from the physical fitness level of the participants and their body mass index (BMI). ANOVA test was carried out to compare the variables with normal distribution. RESULTS: The questionnaire and the Stunkard rating scale showed a good test-retest reliability (ICC=0.78 and ICC=0.8, respectively). SAPF and fitness level showed a significant, albeit weak, association (rho=0.424), while the association between self-perception of body composition and BMI was moderately strong (rho=0.727). The self-perceived physical appearance of 59.5% of the sample was acknowledged to be normal, 11.4% perceived it as bad and 29.1% as good. Only 27.1% were satisfied with their body image, while the other participants showed a desire to lose the equivalent weight of one (47.06%), two (22.35%) or three or more (3.5%) points in the Stunkard scale. CONCLUSION: The versions of both instruments adapted to Spanish persons showed reliability and validity, and showed that it was possible to determine that a large part of the sample was dissatisfied with their body image. BMI had a significant influence in this regard.

Mejoría de la capacidad funcional en la enfermedad de Huntington tras un programa de marcha nórdica. A propósito de un caso / Improved functional capacity in Huntington disease after Nordic walking training: A case report

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[Effects of a physical exercise programme on the risk of falls, balance, and walking speed in older people with intellectual disabilities]. / Efecto de un programa de ejercicio físico sobre el riesgo de caídas, equilibrio y velocidad de la marcha en personas mayores con discapacidad intelectual.

INTRODUCTION: People with intellectual disabilities (ID) have balance disturbances and risk of falls, which are aggravated with ageing. This study aimed to provide information on the effects of an exercise programme on fall risk, balance, and walking speed in a group of older people with ID. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight people with mild to moderate ID (mean age: 56.37±7.08 years) participated in a 12-week programme based on a weekly session that included exercises aimed at strengthening stabilising muscles, stimulating proprioception, and enhancing reflexes in unstable situations. The effects of the programme on the risk of falling and on balance and walking speed were assessed using the Tinetti scale and the Timed Up and Go test, respectively. RESULTS: The programme was feasible and no adverse effects were registered. At the end of the programme, the risk of falls remained unchanged, while balance and gait speed improved significantly. CONCLUSIONS: A three-month weekly programme based on muscle strengthening and proprioceptive re-education exercises was feasible and had a positive impact on balance and walking speed in a group of older people with ID. These results lay the foundation for future randomised clinical trials aiming to confirm the effects of such programmes on the risk of falls in this population.

Epidemiología lesional en actividades escolares y extraescolares en la Comunidad de Madrid (España) / Sport Injuries in School and Extracurricular Activities in the Community of Madrid (Spain)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la epidemiología lesional deportiva de las actividades desarrolladas bajo responsabilidad docente (Educación Física, recreo y actividades extraescolares) en centros de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO). Participaron 1.050 estudiantes (edad media 13,9 ± 1,3 años) que cumplimentaron un cuestionario sobre lesiones deportivas. De las 848 lesiones registradas en total, 319 (172 en chicos y 147 en chicas) ocurrieron en actividades desarrolladas bajo responsabilidad docente (0,30 lesiones/estudiante). Las actividades extraescolares fueron el ámbito con mayor promedio de lesiones (0,12 por estudiante). Se observó una mayor incidencia lesional a los 13 años y una menor probabilidad de que las lesiones ocurriesen en los chicos (OR = 0,64 (0,49-0,85); p < 0,05). Los esguinces y las contusiones fueron las lesiones más frecuentes, especialmente en tobillo y rodilla. Un 27,3% de las lesiones impidieron al alumnado participar activamente en las sesiones de Educación Física durante más de tres días

This study aimed to analyse the epidemiology of sport injuries that occurred during activities performed under teacher supervision (Physical Education, break and extracurricular activities), at high school. A questionnaire regarding sport injuries were administered to 1050 students (mean age 13.9 ± 1.3 years). Out of the 848 sport injuries registered, 319 (172 in boys and 147 in girls) took place during activities performed under teacher supervision, (0.30 injuries/student). Extracurricular activities were the scenario in which the highest injury rate (0.12) was observed. There was a higher incidence of injury at age 13 and a lower likelihood of injuries occurring in boys (OR = 0.64 (0.49-0.85); p < 0.05). Sprains and contusions were the type of injury most frequently observed, especially in areas such as ankles and knees. A total of 27.3% of the injuries reported prevented the students from actively participating in the Physical Education sessions for more than three days

Feasibility of a dance and exercise with music programme on adults with intellectual disability.

BACKGROUND: Research regarding the feasibility and effects of dancing and exercise with musical support programmes on the physical fitness of adults with intellectual disability (ID) is scarce. The purpose of this study was to provide scientific evidence regarding the feasibility of a training programme consisting of dancing and exercise with music designed for adults with ID, as well as to assess its impact on their body composition and cardiovascular and muscular fitness. METHODS: A total of 30 adults (mean age 36.37 ± 11.24 years) with mild (n = 13), moderate (n = 16) or severe (n = 1) ID took part in a 10-week dancing and exercise with music programme. Recruitment and completion rate, adherence to the programme, participation and adverse effects were registered as measures of feasibility. The body mass index, cardiovascular endurance (6-min walk test) and muscular strength (standing long jump test) of the participants were assessed in order to determine the effects of the programme on their fitness level. RESULTS: A 92.5% recruitment rate and a 90% completion rate were achieved. Adherence to the programme stood at 76.6%, and no adverse effects were registered. The comparison between the values obtained in the initial and final evaluations indicated the existence of positive changes in all the fitness dimensions measured. CONCLUSION: A training programme combining dancing and exercise with music proved to be feasible when performed by adults with ID. These kind of programmes can have a positive effect on the fitness level of this specific group.

Physical activity questionnaires for Spanish children and adolescents: a systematic review / Cuestionarios de actividad física para niños y adolescentes españoles: una revisión sistemática.

Questionnaires aimed at assessing the prevalence of physical activity are tools frequently used by health professionals. It is important to provide them with information about the characteristics and quality of these questionnaires. This systematic review aimed to identify and analyse the characteristics and psychometric properties of this type of questionnaires when administered to Spanish children and adolescents. A total of 14 questionnaires were found. Accurate validity values were obtained in two of them. Only two questionnaires obtained a score >5 in the "Qualitative Attributes and Measurement Properties of Physical Activity Questionnaires" checklist. Among the available questionnaires, the APALQ (9-18 years) and the ENERGY (12-14 years) seem to be the most accurate tools for assessing physical activity prevalence in Spanish children and adolescents, albeit with limitations that should be taken into account.

Cuestionarios de actividad física para niños y adolescentes españoles: una revisión sistemática / Physical activity questionnaires for Spanish children and adolescents: a systematic review

Los cuestionarios de valoración de la prevalencia de actividad física son herramientas muy empleadas por los profesionales de la salud. Es importante poner en su conocimiento la calidad y características de los mismos. Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo identificar y analizar las características y propiedades psicométricas de este tipo de cuestionarios cuando han sido aplicados a niños y adolescentes españoles. Se encontraron un total de 14 cuestionarios, obteniéndose valores de validez adecuados en dos de ellos. Solo dos cuestionarios obtuvieron una puntuación mayor que 5 sobre 10 en la evaluación de la calidad de sus propiedades de medida de acuerdo con la lista de comprobación Qualitative Atributes and Measurement Properties of Physical Activity Questionnaires. Los cuestionarios APALQ (9-18 años) y ENERGY (12-14 años), parecen ser, con sus limitaciones, los más adecuados de entre los disponibles para valorar la actividad física en niños y adolescentes españoles, contando ambos con limitaciones a considerar (AU)

Questionnaires aimed at assessing the prevalence of physical activity are tools frequently used by health professionals. It is important to provide them with information about the characteristics and quality of these questionnaires. This systematic review aimed to identify and analyse the characteristics and psychometric properties of this type of questionnaires when administered to Spanish children and adolescents. A total of 14 questionnaires were found. Accurate validity values were obtained in two of them. Only two questionnaires obtained a score >5 in the 'Qualitative Attributes and Measurement Properties of Physical Activity Questionnaires' checklist. Among the available questionnaires, the APALQ (9-18 years) and the ENERGY (12-14 years) seem to be the most accurate tools for assessing physical activity prevalence in Spanish children and adolescents, albeit with limitations that should be taken into account (AU)

Aplicabilidad de 2 pruebas de campo de valoración de la eficiencia cardiorrespiratoria en personas adultas con síndrome de Down / Feasability of 2 cardiorespiratory field-based tests on adults with Down syndrome

Objetivo. Determinar la aplicabilidad de 2 pruebas de campo de valoración de la eficiencia cardiorrespiratoria en personas adultas con síndrome de Down. Métodos. Treinta y tres adultos con síndrome de Down (edad media 27,21 ± 8,76 años; 60,6% hombres), realizaron las pruebas Mini-Cooper Test (MC) y Carrera de 16 metros de ida y vuelta (16-m PACER). Se monitorizó la frecuencia cardiaca durante la ejecución de las mismas a fin de comprobar el grado de maximalidad demostrado por los participantes. El grado de correlación de ambas pruebas fue analizado mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Resultados. Tanto el MC como la prueba 16-m PACER demostraron ser de fácil aplicación y comprensión por parte de los participantes. Se observaron diferencias significativas en base al sexo a favor de los hombres tanto en los metros recorridos en el MC (529,23 ± 127,45 vs. 690 ± 126,59) como en el número de paliers alcanzados en el 16-m PACER (1,69 ± 1,07 vs. 3,15 ± 1,28). El análisis de la maximalidad realizado determinó una frecuencia cardiaca final en torno al 90% de la frecuencia cardiaca máxima estimada al finalizar ambas pruebas. El grado de correlación observado entre el MC y el 16-m PACER fue significativo tanto para los hombres (r = 0,567;sig = 0,043) como para las mujeres (r = 0,797;sig = 0,001). Conclusiones. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que las pruebas MC y 16-m PACER pueden ser aplicadas a personas adultas con síndrome de Down de manera segura, al objeto de valorar su eficiencia cardiorrespiratoria (AU)

Aim: To identify the feasibility of 2 cardiorespiratory function field-based tests on adults with Down syndrome Methods: Thirty-three adults with Down syndrome (mean age 27.21 ± 8.76 years; 60.6% men) carried out the Mini-Cooper Test (MC) and the 16 meters shuttle run test (16-m PACER). During the performance of both tests, heart rate was monitored with the aim of measuring the degree of effort shown by the participants. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the level of concordance between both tests. Results: Both the MC and the 16-m PACER were easy to administer, and understandable for all the participants. Significant differences were observed by sex. Men achieved greater distances than women in the MC (529.23 ± 127.45 vs. 690.00 ± 126.59 meters), and reached more stages in the 16-m PACER (1.69 ± 1.07 vs. 3.15 ± 1.28). The analysis of the degree of effort showed that final heart rate obtained at the end of both tests were around 90% of the predicted maximum heart rate. A significant degree of correlation between the MC and the 16-m PACER was observed both in men (r = 0.567;sig = 0.043) and in women (r = 0.797;sig = 0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the MC and the 16-m PACER test can be safely performed by adults with Down syndrome in order to assess their cardiorespiratory function (AU)

Effects of a resistance training program in multiple sclerosis Spanish patients: a pilot study.

CONTEXT: Physical exercise is regarded as a useful tool in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Generally, physical rehabilitation have been based on the prescription of aerobic exercises, while fewer programs have been aimed at developing muscular strength. OBJECTIVE: To establish whether the physical fitness of MS sufferers can be improved by a training program for developing muscular strength. DESIGN: Before and after study SETTING: University multipurpose room PARTICIPANTS: 36 patients, all able to walk, belonging to the Leon Multiple Sclerosis Association. INTERVENTIONS: The physical exercise programme consisted in resistance training sessions, based mainly on callisthenic, or bodyweight, exercises, during six weeks.