Assessment of Anticholinergic and Antidiabetic Properties of Some Natural and Synthetic Molecules: an In Vitro and In Silico Approach.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, it was aimed to determine the in vitro and in silico effects of some natural and synthetic molecules on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and α-glucosidase enzymes. BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which are considered amongst the most important diseases of today's world. However, the side effects of therapeutic agents used in both diseases limit their use. Therefore, it is important to develop drugs with high therapeutic efficacy and better pharmacological profile. OBJECTIVE: This study sets out to determine the related enzyme inhibitors used in the treatment of AD and T2DM, which are considered amongst the most important diseases of today's world. METHODS: In the current study, the in vitro and in silico effects of dienestrol, hesperetin, L-thyroxine, 3,3',5-Triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) and dobutamine molecules on AChE, BChE and α-glycosidase enzyme activities were investigated. RESULTS: All the molecules showed an inhibitory effect on the enzymes. The IC50 and Ki values of the L-Thyroxine molecule, which showed the strongest inhibition effect for the AChE enzyme, were determined as 1.71 µM and 0.83±0.195 µM, respectively. In addition, dienestrol, T3 and dobutamine molecules showed a more substantial inhibition effect than tacrine. Dobutamine molecule showed the most substantial inhibition effect for BChE enzyme, and IC50 and Ki values were determined as 1.83 µM and 0.845±0.143 µM, respectively. The IC50 and Ki values for the hesperetin molecule, which showed the strongest inhibition for the α-glycosidase enzyme, were determined as 13.57 µM and 12.33±2.57 µM, respectively. CONCLUSION: According to the results obtained, it may be said that the molecules used in the study are potential inhibitor candidates for AChE, BChE and α-glycosidase.

Investigation of the inhibitory properties of some phenolic standards and bee products against human carbonic anhydrase I and II.

Polyphenols are important secondary products of plants with the potential to inhibit carbonic anhydrases. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibition effects of various phenolic standards, honey, propolis, and pollen species on human carbonic anhydrase I and II. The inhibition values (IC50) of the phenolics (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, quercetin, catechin, tannic acid, and chrysin) ranged from 0.009 to 0.32 µg/mL, tannic acid emerging as the best inhibitor. The inhibition values of three different types of honey, heather, rhododendron, and chestnut ranged between 2.32 and 25.10 µg/mL, the chestnut honeys exhibiting the best inhibition. The ethanolic extracts of pollen and propolis exhibited good inhibitory properties, with IC50 values between 0.486 and 3.320 µg/mL. In order to evaluate the phenolic composition of bee products, phenolic profiles and total phenolic contents (TFC) were also measured. The inhibition ranking among the natural products studied was phenolic standards > propolis > pollen > honeys, and inhibition was related to TFC.