Deep Learning De-Noising Improves CT Perfusion Image Quality in the Setting of Lower Contrast Dosing: A Feasibility Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Considering recent iodinated contrast media (ICM) shortages, this study compared reduced ICM and standard dose CTP acquisitions, and the impact of deep learning (DL)-denoising on CTP image quality in preclinical and clinical studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve swine underwent 9 CTP exams each, performed at combinations of 3 different X-ray (37, 67, and 127mAs) and ICM doses (10, 15, and 20mL). Clinical CTP acquisitions performed before and during the ICM shortage and protocol change (from 40 mL to 30 mL) were retrospectively included. Eleven patients with reduced ICM dose and 11 propensity-score-matched controls with standard ICM dose were included. A Residual Encoder-Decoder Convolutional-Neural-Network (RED-CNN) was trained for CTP denoising using K-space-Weighted Image Average (KWIA) filtered CTP images as the target. The standard, RED-CNN denoised, and KWIA noise-filtered images for animal and human studies were compared for quantitative SNR and qualitative image evaluation. RESULTS: The SNR of animal CTP images decreased with reductions in ICM and mAs doses. Contrast dose reduction had a greater effect on SNR than mAs reduction. Noise-filtering by KWIA and RED-CNN denoising progressively improved SNR of CTP maps, with RED-CNN resulting in the highest SNR. The SNR of clinical CTP images was generally lower with reduced ICM dose, which was improved by KWIA and RED-CNN denoising (p<0.05). Qualitative readings consistently rated RED-CNN denoised CTP as best quality, followed by KWIA and then standard CTP images. CONCLUSIONS: DL-denoising can improve image quality for low ICM CTP protocols, and could approximate standard ICM dose CTP, in addition to potentially improving image quality for low mAs acquisitions. ABBREVIATIONS: ICM=iodinated contrast media; DL=deep learning; KWIA=k-space weighted image average; LCD=low-contrast dose; SCD=standard contrast dose; RED-CNN=Residual Encoder-Decoder Convolutional Neural Network; PSNR=Peak Signal to Noise Ratio; RMSE=Root Mean Squared Error; SSIM=Structural Similarity Index.

The Effects of Curcumin Administration on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Pulse Wave Velocity in Diabetic Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Background: Prior studies have reported that curcumin is inversely associated with reduced markers of atherosclerosis risk, including carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). This study was designed to assess the effects of curcumin on CIMT and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in diabetic hemodialysis (HD) patients. Methods: This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 39 diabetic HD patients. People were assigned to receive curcumin or placebo (starch) for 24 weeks. Individuals in the curcumin group (n = 26) received 80 mg/day. CIMT and PWV levels were taken at baseline and after 24 weeks of intervention. Results: After 24 weeks of intervention, curcumin intake did not affect mean levels of left (P = 0.83) and right (P = 0.47) CIMT and maximum levels of left (P = 0.84) and right (P = 0.11) CIMT, and PWV (P = 0.12) compared to the placebo. Furthermore, within-group difference demonstrated a significant reduction in mean levels of PWV (P = 0.01) in the curcumin group. We did not observe any significant change in C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations after curcumin intake (P = 0.69). Conclusions: Curcumin intake did not affect mean levels of left and right CIMT and maximum levels of left and right CIMT, PWV, and CRP levels compared to the placebo. Additionally, within-group difference demonstrated a significant reduction in mean levels of PWV in the curcumin group.This trial was registered at www.irct.ir as http://www.irct.ir: IRCT20200527047584N1.

The Value of Ultrasound-guided Core Needle Biopsy in Differentiating Benign from Malignant Salivary Gland Lesions.

Purpose: In recent years, core needle biopsy (CNB) technique has received much attention, being used as alternative method of tissue sampling for surgical biopsy of salivary gland tumors (SGTs). The present study aimed to evaluate the value of CNB in differentiating benign from malignant SGTs. Materials and methods: Patients with suspected benign or malignant SGTs in imaging were enrolled in this study. All core needle biopsies were performed under ultrasound guidance, i.e. ultrasound-guided Core Needle Biopsy (USCNB). Histological examination of the specimen after surgical excision was regarded as gold standard test and set as reference standard to assess USCNB accuracy for discriminating between ultrasound-visible benign and malignant SGTs. Results: Based on USCNB results, from 36 participants (14 women and 22 men) with SGTs, 44.4% of detected tumors were benign and 55.5% were malignant. Twenty-two patients underwent surgery and postoperative specimen histological examination showed that 59% of excised lesions were benign and 41% were malignant. USCNB and surgical biopsy (SB) findings were completely compatible for 21 patients. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of USCNB were 100% in differentiating malignant from benign lesions. Conclusion: USCNB is a valuable and accurate method of diagnosis with high sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing benign from malignant ultrasound-visible SGTs.

Postmortem Magnetic Resonance Imaging of In Utero Fetuses and Its Relationship With Postmortem Interval: A Multi-Organ Observational Study on Reduced Fetuses of Complicated Multiple Pregnancies.

BACKGROUND: Despite technological advancements in perinatal imaging, autopsy examination is still regarded as the reference standard to determine the time and reason of the fetal death. PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify the intrauterine postmortem magnetic resonance imaging (PMMR) findings of fetuses, who underwent radiofrequency ablation (RFA). STUDY TYPE: Prospective. POPULATION: Fifty-three twin/triplet complicated pregnancies scheduled for selective reduction of one of the fetuses by RFA were included. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: The imaging methods used are T1-weighted gradient-echo imaging (T1 GRE), T2 half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin-echo (SSTSE), and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences. ASSESSMENT: The MRIs were interpreted by three radiologists. STATISTICAL TESTS: Data were analyzed using the software package SPSS Statistics Version 22.0. The used tests included one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan tests (significance level: P value <0.05). This analysis was performed with scikit-learn library (version 1.1.1) in Python version 3.9. RESULTS: Average PMMR scores of orbit, brain, and abdomen showed significant differences among different PM interval subgroups. The brain apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) numbers of reduced and living fetuses were significantly different at any PM interval. To determine which findings are closely associated with the timing of fetal death, five different methods of feature selection were employed. The top eight selected features achieved the highest area under the curve (AUC) of 78.19%. DATA CONCLUSION: In utero, PMMR findings may be associated with the time of fetal death. Among different fetal organs evaluated, particularly PMMR top eight features specifically scores of orbits were associated with PM intrauterine time after death. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in diagnosis, staging, and treatment response assessment of multiple myeloma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the initial diagnosis, staging, and assessment of treatment response in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The primary endpoints were defined as the diagnostic performance of DWI for disease detection, staging of MM, and assessing response to treatment in these patients. RESULTS: Of 5881 initially reviewed publications, 33 were included in the final qualitative and quantitative meta-analysis. The diagnostic performance of DWI in the detection of patients with MM revealed pooled sensitivity and specificity of 86% (95% CI: 84-89) and 63% (95% CI: 56-70), respectively, with a diagnostic odds ratio (OR) of 14.98 (95% CI: 4.24-52.91). The pooled risk difference of 0.19 (95% CI: - 0.04-0.42) was reported in favor of upstaging with DWI compared to conventional MRI (P value = 0.1). Treatment response evaluation and ADCmean value changes across different studies showed sensitivity and specificity of approximately 78% (95% CI: 72-83) and 73% (95% CI: 61-83), respectively, with a diagnostic OR of 7.21 in distinguishing responders from non-responders. CONCLUSIONS: DWI is not only a promising tool for the diagnosis of MM, but it is also useful in the initial staging and re-staging of the disease and treatment response assessment. This can aid clinicians with earlier initiation or change in treatment strategy, which could have prognostic significance for patients.

Retroperitoneal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma with metastasis to iliac vein: A rare case report and review of the literature.

The iliac vein is an extremely rare site of metastasis for extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (ESMC). Involvement of the veins usually leads to an extremely dismal prognosis. Here, we report a 50-year-old patient with retroperitoneal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma and initial metastasis to the iliac bone, which further progressed to involve the iliac vein. In this study, we reviewed the major characteristics of ESMC and the previously reported cases, considering the rarity of these tumors.

Advanced Imaging in Multiple Myeloma: New Frontiers for MRI.

Plasma cell dyscrasias are estimated to newly affect almost 40,000 people in 2022. They fall on a spectrum of diseases ranging from relatively benign to malignant, the malignant end of the spectrum being multiple myeloma (MM). The International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) has traditionally outlined the diagnostic criteria and therapeutic management of MM. In the last two decades, novel imaging techniques have been employed for MM to provide more information that can guide not only diagnosis and staging, but also treatment efficacy. These imaging techniques, due to their low invasiveness and high reliability, have gained significant clinical attention and have already changed the clinical practice. The development of functional MRI sequences such as diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) or intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) has made the functional assessment of lesions feasible. Moreover, the growing availability of positron emission tomography (PET)-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners is leading to the potential combination of sensitive anatomical and functional information in a single step. This paper provides an organized framework for evaluating the benefits and challenges of novel and more functional imaging techniques used for the management of patients with plasma cell dyscrasias, notably MM.

Diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value of lung ultrasound in coronavirus disease (COVID-19).

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the correlation between lung ultrasound (LUS) and computed tomography (CT) findings and the predictability of LUS scores to anticipate disease characteristics, lab data, clinical severity, and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Material and methods: Fifty consecutive hospitalized PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients who underwent chest CT scan and LUS on the first day of admission were enrolled. The LUS score was calculated based on the presence, severity, and distribution of parenchymal abnormalities in 14 regions. Results: The participants' mean age was 54.60 ± 19.93 years, and 26 (52%) were female. All patients had CT and LUS findings typical of COVID-19. The mean value of CT and LUS severity scores were 11.80 ± 3.89 (ranging from 2 to 20) and 13.74 ± 6.43 (ranging from 1 to 29), respectively. The LUS score was significantly higher in females (p = 0.016), and patients with dyspnoea (p = 0.048), HTN (p = 0.034), immunodeficiency (p = 0.034), room air SpO2 ≤ 93 (p = 0.02), and pleural effusion (p = 0.036). LUS findings were strongly correlated with CT scan results regarding lesion type, distribution, and severity in a region-by-region fashion (92-100% agreement). An LUS score of 14 or higher was predictive of room air SpO2 ≤ 93 and ICU admission, while an LUS score ≥ 12 was predictive of death (p = 0.011, 0.023, and 0.003, respectively). Conclusions: Our results suggested that LUS can be used as a valuable tool for detecting COVID-19 pneumonia and determining high-risk hospitalized patients, helping to triage and stratify high-risk patients, which waives the need to undertake irradiating chest CT and reduces the burden of overworked CT department staff.

Is target sign (bull's eye appearance) associated with adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients? A case series and literature review.

Background: In COVID-19 pneumonia, chest CT scan plays a crucial role in diagnosing and closely monitoring lung parenchyma. The main reportedly chest CT features of novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) have been fully discussed in the literature, but there is still a paucity of reports on uncommon CT manifestations. Case presentation: Herewith, we have reported ten rRT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients with CT target signs (bull's eye appearance); additionally, we have reviewed previously reported cases. Reviewing the literature, we found eight COVID-19 patients with target sign in the literature. 18 patients were included with a median age of 43. 11 (61%) patients were males. In 87% of patients, the lesions developed within the second-week post symptom onset. These patients mostly experienced an extended hospital stay (median = 10 days), with 53.8% of cases being admitted in ICU. The in-hospital mortality rate was 23%. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that lesions with a bull's eye appearance are not significantly associated with higher mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Molecular and Clinical Investigation of COVID-19: From Pathogenesis and Immune Responses to Novel Diagnosis and Treatment.

The coronavirus-related severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) in 2002/2003, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) in 2012/2013, and especially the current 2019/2021 severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2) negatively affected the national health systems worldwide. Different SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and recently Omicron (B.1.1.529), have emerged resulting from the high rate of genetic recombination and S1-RBD/S2 mutation/deletion in the spike protein that has an impact on the virus activity. Furthermore, genetic variability in certain genes involved in the immune system might impact the level of SARS-CoV-2 recognition and immune response against the virus among different populations. Understanding the molecular mechanism and function of SARS-CoV-2 variants and their different epidemiological outcomes is a key step for effective COVID-19 treatment strategies, including antiviral drug development and vaccine designs, which can immunize people with genetic variabilities against various strains of SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we center our focus on the recent and up-to-date knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 (Alpha to Omicron) origin and evolution, structure, genetic diversity, route of transmission, pathogenesis, new diagnostic, and treatment strategies, as well as the psychological and economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic on individuals and their lives around the world.

Pregnancy rate in intrauterine insemination, is uterine biophysical profile of predictive value? A prospective study.

PURPOSE: This study aimed at evaluating the value of uterine biophysical profile (UBP) scoring to predict the pregnancy rate after IUI. METHODS: This prospective study was carried out on 85 women who were referred to our tertiary teaching center with infertility of male factor or unknown etiology infertility in 2018. To measure the uterine biophysical criteria, transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) was performed on the day of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (B-hCG) injection, and the results were evaluated based on positive B-hCG. RESULTS: 85 patients were included with a mean age of 30 years; of those 12 (14.1%) were able to conceive. UBP (p = 0.151) and it's parameters (including endometrial thickness, number of endometrial layers, myometrial echogenicity, uterine artery pulsatility index, myometrial blood flow internal to arcuate vessels, endometrial blood flow in the third zone of endometrium, myometrial contraction frequency, and ovarian follicle (OF) size [p = 0.05, 0.89, 0.59, 0.79, 1, 1, 0.59, and 0.77, respectively]) were not significantly associated with pregnancy rate. 91.7% of the cases with positive pregnancy test results, had a UBP score of > 13; however, UBP score was not meaningfully associated with IUI treatment success rate (p = 0.15). CONCLUSIONS: UBP scoring system seems to need more data for external validation, or it might require modifications before implementation, as it may cause false reassurance.

Clinical course, chest computed tomography severity score and outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with rheumatic diseases.

Aim of the work: To assess the clinical manifestations, imaging findings and outcomes of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with rheumatic diseases. Patients and methods: In a three-center study, patients with rheumatic diseases who developed COVID-19 were included. Patients were classified into two groups, i) inflammatory arthritis including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), spondyloarthritis (SpA) and undifferentiated arthritis, ii) connective tissue diseases (CTDs) including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), vasculitis and others. COVID-19 outcomes were assessed based on chest computed tomography severity score (CT-ss), the level of care, the number of patients who died and flare of underlying rheumatic disease. Results: One hundred ninety-six patients with a mean age of 47.9 ± 15.1 years, 73.5% female, were included. Underlying rheumatic diseases were RA (57.7%), SLE and other CTDs (17.9%), SpA (11.2%), vasculitis (11.2%) and undifferentiated arthritis (2%). Myalgia, malaise and fever were the most common clinical manifestations of COVID-19. Pneumonia on computerized tomography (CT), hospitalization, admission in intensive care unit and need to mechanical ventilation were observed in 75.5, 37.2%, 10.7% and 6.6% of patients, respectively. Treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and glucocorticoids, diabetes and underlying pulmonary disease were predictors of moderate to severe pneumonia and hospitalization. Fifteen (7.6%) patients died. Flare of underlying rheumatic disease occurred in 16.3% of patients. Flare of disease in patients with CTDs was significantly more than other rheumatic diseases. Conclusions: In rheumatic patients, treatment with NSAIDs or prednisolone, diabetes and pulmonary disease are risk factors of moderate to high CT-ss and hospitalization during COVID-19.

Cannonball appearance, a tricky yet underrated imaging manifestation of COVID-19.

Spreading swiftly across the borders and over the seas, severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2), as causative pathogen of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is currently the main global public health concern. "Cannonball appearance," as a rare and yet underrated CT feature of COVID-19 pneumonia, has been typically linked to certain hematogenous pulmonary metastases and some inflammatory/infection conditions, including tuberculosis, but no other viral or atypical pneumonia. Cannonball appearance can bring diagnostic dilemmas and difficulties in monitoring treatment response in patients with or suspicious for hematogenous pulmonary metastasis. Hereby, we report two cases of COVID-19 delta variant-induced pneumonia manifesting unusually in chest CT scan with cannonball appearance.

Factors Predicting Outcome in Intensive Care Unit-Admitted COVID-19 Patients: Using Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiologic Characteristics.

PURPOSE: To investigate the factors contributing to mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU) and design a model to predict the mortality rate. METHOD: We retrospectively evaluated the medical records and CT images of the ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients who had an on-admission chest CT scan. We analyzed the patients' demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings and compared them between survivors and nonsurvivors. RESULTS: Among the 121 enrolled patients (mean age, 62.2 ± 14.0 years; male, 82 (67.8%)), 41 (33.9%) survived, and the rest succumbed to death. The most frequent radiologic findings were ground-glass opacity (GGO) (71.9%) with peripheral (38.8%) and bilateral (98.3%) involvement, with lower lobes (94.2%) predominancy. The most common additional findings were cardiomegaly (63.6%), parenchymal band (47.9%), and crazy-paving pattern (44.4%). Univariable analysis of radiologic findings showed that cardiomegaly (p : 0.04), pleural effusion (p : 0.02), and pericardial effusion (p : 0.03) were significantly more prevalent in nonsurvivors. However, the extension of pulmonary involvement was not significantly different between the two subgroups (11.4 ± 4.1 in survivors vs. 11.9 ± 5.1 in nonsurvivors, p : 0.59). Among nonradiologic factors, advanced age (p : 0.002), lower O2 saturation (p : 0.01), diastolic blood pressure (p : 0.02), and hypertension (p : 0.03) were more commonly found in nonsurvivors. There was no significant difference between survivors and nonsurvivors in terms of laboratory findings. Three following factors remained significant in the backward logistic regression model: O2 saturation (OR: 0.91 (95% CI: 0.84-0.97), p : 0.006), pericardial effusion (6.56 (0.17-59.3), p : 0.09), and hypertension (4.11 (1.39-12.2), p : 0.01). This model had 78.7% sensitivity, 61.1% specificity, 90.0% positive predictive value, and 75.5% accuracy in predicting in-ICU mortality. CONCLUSION: A combination of underlying diseases, vital signs, and radiologic factors might have prognostic value for mortality rate prediction in ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients.

Cervical Cancer Diagnosis: Insights into Biochemical Biomarkers and Imaging Techniques.

Cervical malignancy is known as one of the important cancers which is originated from cervix. This malignancy has been observed in women infected with papillomavirus who had regular oral contraceptives, multiple pregnancies, and sexual relations. Early and fast cervical cancer diagnosis is known as two important aspects of cervical cancer therapy. Several investigations indicated that early and fast detection of cervical cancer could be associated with better treatment process and increasing survival rate of patients with this malignancy. Imaging techniques are very important diagnosis tools that could be employed for diagnosis and following responses to therapy in various cervical cancer stages. Multiple lines of evidence indicated that utilization of imaging techniques is related to some limitations (i.e. high cost, and invasive effects). Hence, it seems that along with using imaging techniques, finding and developing new biomarkers could be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of subjects with cervical cancer. Taken together, many studies showed that a variety of biomarkers including, several proteins, mRNAs, microRNAs, exosomes and polymorphisms might be introduced as prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in cervical cancer therapy. In this review article, we highlighted imaging techniques as well as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of cervical cancer.

Gastric Cancer Diagnosis: From Imaging Techniques to Biochemical Biomarkers.

Gastric cancer (GC) has been found to be the second leading cause of cancer-associated deaths in the world, and is usually detected in the advanced stages. It has been shown that surgery is the major therapeutic approach in the treatment of subjects with GC. Hence, early and fast diagnosis of this malignancy is very important for good subject outcomes. Non-invasive diagnostic platforms, including evolutionary endoscopy and positron emission tomography (PET), are employed for the diagnosis of subjects with GC. Along with imaging techniques, the utilization of biomarkers has emerged as a new diagnosis option for early and fast detection of GC. Multiple lines of evidence have revealed a variety of biomarkers, including microRNAs, exosomes, circulating tumor cells, circular RNAs, cell free DNAs, and various proteins, which could be used as diagnostic biomarkers in patients with GC. Taken together, these findings suggest that the joint application of imaging techniques and different biomarkers could be introduced as a new detection approach in the treatment and screening response to therapy in the subjects with GC. Herein, we have summarized various imaging techniques and biomarkers as powerful tools in the detection of GC.

Dual and mutual interaction between microbiota and viral infections: a possible treat for COVID-19.

All of humans and other mammalian species are colonized by some types of microorganisms such as bacteria, archaea, unicellular eukaryotes like fungi and protozoa, multicellular eukaryotes like helminths, and viruses, which in whole are called microbiota. These microorganisms have multiple different types of interaction with each other. A plethora of evidence suggests that they can regulate immune and digestive systems and also play roles in various diseases, such as mental, cardiovascular, metabolic and some skin diseases. In addition, they take-part in some current health problems like diabetes mellitus, obesity, cancers and infections. Viral infection is one of the most common and problematic health care issues, particularly in recent years that pandemics like SARS and COVID-19 caused a lot of financial and physical damage to the world. There are plenty of articles investigating the interaction between microbiota and infectious diseases. We focused on stimulatory to suppressive effects of microbiota on viral infections, hoping to find a solution to overcome this current pandemic. Then we reviewed mechanistically the effects of both microbiota and probiotics on most of the viruses. But unlike previous studies which concentrated on intestinal microbiota and infection, our focus is on respiratory system's microbiota and respiratory viral infection, bearing in mind that respiratory system is a proper entry site and residence for viruses, and whereby infection, can lead to asymptomatic, mild, self-limiting, severe or even fatal infection. Finally, we overgeneralize the effects of microbiota on COVID-19 infection. In addition, we reviewed the articles about effects of the microbiota on coronaviruses and suggest some new therapeutic measures.

The novel coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19): Mechanism of action, detection and recent therapeutic strategies.

Novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, designated as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on the February 11, 2020, is one of the highly pathogenic ß-coronaviruses which infects human. Early diagnosis of COVID-19 is the most critical step to treat infection. The diagnostic tools are generally molecular methods, serology and viral culture. Recently CRISPR-based method has been investigated to diagnose and treat coronavirus infection. The emergence of 2019-nCoV during the influenza season, has led to the extensive use of antibiotics and neuraminidase enzyme inhibitors, taken orally and intravenously. Currently, antiviral inhibitors of SARS and MERS spike proteins, neuraminidase inhibitors, anti-inflammatory drugs and EK1 peptide are the available therapeutic options for SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. In addition, Chloroquine, which was previously used for malarial and autoimmune disease, has shown efficacy in the 2019-nCoV infection treatment. In severe hypoxaemia, a combination of antibiotics, α-interferon, lopinavir and mechanical ventilation can effectively mitigate the symptoms. Comprehensive knowledge on the innate and adaptive immune responses, will make it possible to propose potent antiviral drugs with their effective therapeutic measures for the prevention of viral infection. This therapeutic strategy will help patients worldwide to protect themselves against severe and fatal viral infections, that potentially can evolve and develop drug resistance, and to reduce mortality rates.