Valor pronóstico de la cardiorresonancia magnética de estrés en pacientes ancianos / Prognostic role of stress cardiac magnetic resonance in the elderly

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: Diferentes estudios han demostrado el valor diagnóstico y pronóstico de la resonancia magnética cardiaca (RMC) de estrés en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica. No obstante, la evidencia en ancianos es escasa, en parte por las limitaciones de las técnicas diagnósticas disponibles para esta población. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la utilidad de la RMC de estrés en pacientes ancianos. MÉTODOS: Se estudió de manera prospectiva a los pacientes remitidos a una RMC de estrés para descartar isquemia miocárdica. Se consideró paciente anciano a los mayores de 70 años. El estudio de RMC de estrés se realizó conforme a los protocolos internacionales. La gravedad de la hipoperfusión se clasificó en función de los segmentos afectados: ligera (1-2 segmentos), moderada (3-4 segmentos) o grave (> 4 segmentos). Se analizó la aparición de eventos mayores durante el seguimiento (muerte, síndrome coronario agudo o revascularización). La supervivencia se analizó con el método de Kaplan-Meier y un modelo de regresión multivariante de Cox. RESULTADOS: De la cohorte inicial de 333 pacientes, 110 eran mayores de 70 años. En el 40,9% de estos, la RMC de estrés fue positiva para isquemia. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 26 [18-37] meses. En los pacientes ancianos se registraron 35 eventos: 15 fallecimientos, 10 síndromes coronarios agudos y 10 revascularizaciones. Los pacientes con isquemia moderada o grave tenían mayor riesgo de eventos ajustado por edad, sexo y riesgo cardiovascular (HR=3,53; IC95%, 1,41-8,79; p = 0,01). CONCLUSIONES: La presencia de hipoperfusión moderada o grave detectada mediante RMC de estrés predice de manera significativa la aparición de eventos en mayores de 70 años, sin que aparezcan efectos adversos relevantes

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Several trials have tested the diagnostic and prognostic value of stress cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in ischemic heart disease. However, scientific evidence is lacking in the older population, and the available techniques have limitations in this population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of stress CMR in the elderly. METHODS: We prospectively studied consecutive patients referred for stress CMR to rule out myocardial ischemia. The cutoff age for the elderly population was 70 years. Stress CMR study was performed according to standardized international protocols. Hypoperfusion severity was classified according to the number of affected segments: mild (1-2 segments), moderate (3-4 segments), or severe (> 4 segments). We analyzed the occurrence of major events during follow-up (death, acute coronary syndrome, or revascularization). Survival was studied with the Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox regression models. RESULTS: Of an initial cohort of 333 patients, 110 were older than 70 years. In 40.9% patients, stress CMR was positive for ischemia. The median follow-up was 26 [18-37] months. In elderly patients there were 35 events (15 deaths, 10 acute coronary syndromes, and 10 revascularizations). Patients with moderate or severe ischemia were at a higher risk of events, adjusted for age, sex, and cardiovascular risk (HR, 3.53 [95%CI, 1.41-8.79]; P=.01). CONCLUSIONS: Moderate to severe perfusion defects in stress CMR strongly predict cardiovascular events in people older than 70 years, without relevant adverse effects

Prognostic role of stress cardiac magnetic resonance in the elderly.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Several trials have tested the diagnostic and prognostic value of stress cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in ischemic heart disease. However, scientific evidence is lacking in the older population, and the available techniques have limitations in this population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of stress CMR in the elderly. METHODS: We prospectively studied consecutive patients referred for stress CMR to rule out myocardial ischemia. The cutoff age for the elderly population was 70 years. Stress CMR study was performed according to standardized international protocols. Hypoperfusion severity was classified according to the number of affected segments: mild (1-2 segments), moderate (3-4 segments), or severe (> 4 segments). We analyzed the occurrence of major events during follow-up (death, acute coronary syndrome, or revascularization). Survival was studied with the Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox regression models. RESULTS: Of an initial cohort of 333 patients, 110 were older than 70 years. In 40.9% patients, stress CMR was positive for ischemia. The median follow-up was 26 [18-37] months. In elderly patients there were 35 events (15 deaths, 10 acute coronary syndromes, and 10 revascularizations). Patients with moderate or severe ischemia were at a higher risk of events, adjusted for age, sex, and cardiovascular risk (HR, 3.53 [95%CI, 1.41-8.79]; P=.01). CONCLUSIONS: Moderate to severe perfusion defects in stress CMR strongly predict cardiovascular events in people older than 70 years, without relevant adverse effects.

Quantitative assessment of left ventricular size and function in cardiac transplant recipients: Side-by-side comparison of real time two-dimensional echocardiography, contrast-enhanced two-dimensional echocardiography, three-dimensional echocardiography, and contrast-enhanced three-dimensional echocardiography as compared to magnetic resonance imaging.

INTRODUCTION: We evaluate the ability of 2D non-contrast-enhanced echocardiography (CE-echo), 2DCE-echo, 3D-echo, 3D non-CE-echo, and 3DCE-echo to evaluate allograft function and dimensions in orthotropic heart transplantation (OHT). Cardiac resonance (CMR) was used as reference. METHODS: Twenty six consecutive OHT-recipients were prospectively recruited. Bland-Altman, Spearman rank, and concordance-correlation coefficients (CCC) were determined. RESULTS: Good CCCs were found between the four modalities and CMR for ejection fraction (r ≥ 0.72/P < 0.001; r ≥ 0.77/ P < 0.001; r ≥ 0.51/ P < 0.23; r ≥ 0.75/ P < 0.001, respectively). Highest intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was for 2D CE-echo(CCC = 0.77). End-diastolic volume(EDV) measurements statistically differed when 2D non-CE-echo, 2DCE-echo, and 3D non-CE-echo were compared with the cross-sectional imaging modalities, but they did not differ significantly from 3DCE-echo. End-systolic volume (ESV) and stroke volume (SV) differed statistically between the four modalities; however, SV measured by CMR and 3DCE-echo were comparable. Overall, 2D non-CE-echo, 2DCE-echo, and 3D non-CE-echo showed lower mean EDV, ESV, and SV than CMR. ICC was that of the ESV variable in the 4 techniques, with the values of the ICC of the 3DCE-echo technique superior to the rest. Overall, the best CCC were found for 3DCE(r = 0.88, 0.92 and 0.76 for EDV, ESV and SV, respectively). CONCLUSION: Routine use of 3DCE-echo may allow more comprehensive cardiac assessment in cardiac transplant recipients.

¿Es realmente útil la cardiorresonancia magnética de estrés para detectar isquemia y predecir eventos en pacientes con distinto perfil de riesgo cardiovascular? / Is stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance really useful to detect ischemia and predict events in patients with different cardiovascular risk profile?

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad diagnóstica y pronóstica de la cardiorresonancia magnética de estrés (RMCE) en pacientes con distinto perfil de riesgo cardiovascular y la importancia del grado de hipoperfusión en la toma de decisiones clínicas. Método: Se analizaron los pacientes sometidos a RMCE con adenosina por sospecha de isquemia miocárdica. Se evaluó su precisión diagnóstica mediante los cocientes de probabilidad (CP) y su valor pronóstico mediante curvas de supervivencia y regresión de Cox. Resultados: Se estudió a 295 pacientes. El CP positivo fue 3.40 y el negativo 0.47. Se demostró una mayor utilidad de la resonancia en: pacientes sin cardiopatía isquémica conocida (CP positivo 4.85); pacientes con dolor torácico atípico (CP positivo 8.56);pacientes con riesgo cardiovascular bajo o intermedio (CP positivo 3.87), y pacientes con hipoperfusión moderada o grave (CP positivo 8.63). Se registraron 60 eventos cardiovasculares mayores. Los pacientes con resultado negativo (p = 0.001) o hipoperfusión leve (p = 0.038) presentaron una supervivencia mayor. En el análisis multivariante, un resultado moderado o grave aumentó la probabilidad de sufrir eventos (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.2; IC 95% 1.26-3.92), sin diferencias entre resultado positivo leve y negativo (HR = 0.93; IC 95% 0.38-2.28). Conclusiones: La RMCE tuvo una mayor utilidad en pacientes con riesgo cardiovascular bajo o intermedio, con dolor torácico atípico, sin cardiopatía isquémica conocida y en aquellos con hipoperfusión moderada o grave. Además, el grado de hipoperfusión fue el principal factor para guiar las decisiones clínicas.

Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic usefulness of stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance (stress CMR) in patients with different cardiovascular risk profile and to assess if the degree of hypoperfusion is important to guide clinical decisions. Method: We included patients submitted to adenosine stress CMR to rule out myocardial ischemia. We evaluated its diagnostic accuracy with likelihood ratio (LR) and its prognostic value with survival curves and a Cox regression model. Results: 295 patients were studied. The positive LR was 3.40 and the negative one 0.47. The maximal usefulness of the test was found in patients without previous ischemic cardiomyopathy (positive LR 4.85), patients with atypical chest pain (positive LR 8.56), patients with low or intermediate cardiovascular risk (positive LR 3.87) and those with moderate or severe hypoperfusion (positive LR 8.63). Sixty cardiovascular major events were registered. The best survival prognosis was found in patients with a negative result (p = 0.001) or mild hypoperfusion (p = 0.038). In the multivariate analysis, a moderate or severe hypoperfusion increased cardiovascular event probability (HR = 2.2; IC 95% 1.26-3.92), with no differences between a mild positive and a negative result (HR = 0.93; IC 95% 0.38-2.28). Conclusions: Stress CMR was specially useful in patients with low or intermediate cardiovascular risk, patients with atypical chest pain, patients without previous ischemic cardiomyopathy and those with moderate or severe hypoperfusion. Hypoperfusion degree was the main issue factor to guide clinical decisions.

[Is stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance really useful to detect ischemia and predict events in patients with different cardiovascular risk profile?] / ¿Es realmente útil la cardiorresonancia magnética de estrés para detectar isquemia y predecir eventos en pacientes con distinto perfil de riesgo cardiovascular?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic usefulness of stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance (stress CMR) in patients with different cardiovascular risk profile and to assess if the degree of hypoperfusion is important to guide clinical decisions. METHOD: We included patients submitted to adenosine stress CMR to rule out myocardial ischemia. We evaluated its diagnostic accuracy with likelihood ratio (LR) and its prognostic value with survival curves and a Cox regression model. RESULTS: 295 patients were studied. The positive LR was 3.40 and the negative one 0.47. The maximal usefulness of the test was found in patients without previous ischemic cardiomyopathy (positive LR 4.85), patients with atypical chest pain (positive LR 8.56), patients with low or intermediate cardiovascular risk (positive LR 3.87) and those with moderate or severe hypoperfusion (positive LR 8.63). Sixty cardiovascular major events were registered. The best survival prognosis was found in patients with a negative result (p=0.001) or mild hypoperfusion (p=0.038). In the multivariate analysis, a moderate or severe hypoperfusion increased cardiovascular event probability (HR=2.2; IC 95% 1.26-3.92), with no differences between a mild positive and a negative result (HR=0.93; IC 95% 0.38-2.28). CONCLUSIONS: Stress CMR was specially useful in patients with low or intermediate cardiovascular risk, patients with atypical chest pain, patients without previous ischemic cardiomyopathy and those with moderate or severe hypoperfusion. Hypoperfusion degree was the main issue factor to guide clinical decisions.

[Dyspnea, oliguria and lower extremities edema in a patient undergoing mediastinic radiotherapy for a non-resectable thymic carcinoma]. / Disnea, oliguria y edema en extremidades inferiores en paciente en tratamiento de radioterapia mediastínica por carcinoma tímico irresecable.

In this case report we present the clinical signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade of tumor origin. We explain the clinical investigations for its diagnosis as well as its specific differential diagnosis in cancer patients. The different therapeutic options are also presented together with a brief summary of the thymic carcinoma.

Disnea, oliguria y edema en extremidades inferiores en paciente en tratamiento de radioterapia mediastínica por carcinoma tímico irresecable / Dyspnea, oliguria and lower extremities edema in a patient undergoing mediastinic radiotherapy for a non-resectable thymic carcinoma

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In this case report we present the clinical signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade of tumor origin. We explain the clinical investigations for its diagnosis as well as its specific differential diagnosis in cancer patients. The different therapeutic options are also presented together with a brief summary of the thymic carcinoma