Arsenic-induced responses in Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link: Arsenic speciation, mineral nutrition and antioxidant defenses.

Arsenic (As) hyperaccumulation trait has been described in a limited number of fern species. The physiological basis of hyperaccumulation remains unclear, especially in non-Pteris species such as Pityrogramma calomelanos. Aiming at a better understanding of As-induced responses, P. calomelanos plants were exposed to 1 mM As for 21 days and compared with control plants. Chemical analyses revealed that As accumulation was ten times higher in pinnae then in roots and stipes. In pinnae, As was present mainly as arsenite, whereas arsenate was the dominant form in stipes and roots. Arsenic promoted an increase in antioxidant enzyme activities in both fern parts and several alterations in mineral nutrition, especially with regard to P and K. A higher content of non-protein thiols was observed in pinnae of plants exposed to As, whereas As induced the increase in lipid peroxidation in roots. The results showed that Pityrogramma calomelanos shares with Pteris vittata several aspects of As metabolism. High root-shoot As translocation showed to be essential to avoid toxic effects in roots, since the root is more sensitive to the metalloid. The higher capacity of P. calomelanos to sequester arsenite in the pinna and its efficient antioxidant system maintain the reactive oxygen species at a low level, thus enhancing the continuous accumulation of As. Molecular investigations are needed to elucidate the evolution of As-tolerance mechanisms in Pteridaceae species, especially with regard to membrane transporters and ROS signaling.

Differences in phosphorus translocation contributes to differential arsenic tolerance between plants of Borreria verticillata (Rubiaceae) from mine and non-mine sites.

We have identified new arsenic-tolerant plant species Borreria verticillata (Rubiaceae) that has mine and non-mine populations at a highly contaminated site (CS) and an uncontaminated site (UCS), respectively, in Brazil. Plants of B. verticillata from both sites were cultivated at different As and P concentrations. At low P concentration, CS plants showed reduced As uptake, higher P translocation to shoots, higher constitutive levels of phenolic compounds in roots, and higher tolerance to this metalloid. At the lowest P and highest As concentration, CS plants showed higher biomass. In addition, CS plants showed higher P uptake in the absence of As, suggesting that more efficient P translocation could contribute more to tolerance than decreased As uptake. In contrast, at low P concentration, UCS plants showed higher As content in shoot and root, increase in phenol levels in roots, reduction in dry biomass, and decrease of the effective efficiency of photochemical reactions and the electron transport rate. Under higher P concentrations, the decrease in As uptake was similar in both populations. The differences between the two populations with respect to As and P uptake suggest that altered kinetic properties or expression of P transporters contribute to higher As tolerance in B. verticillata from CS. As a ruderal and As-tolerant plant, B. verticillata could be successfully used for the revegetation of contaminated soils.

Caracterização anatômica da folha de Aniba firmula (Nees & C. Mart.) Mez (Lauraceae) / Anatomical characters of Aniba firmula (Nees & C. Mart.) Mez (Lauraceae) leaves

A partir de um estudo sobre a anatomia foliar de Aniba firmula (Nees & C. Mart.) Mez (Lauraceae), objetivou-se identificar caracteres anatômicos que possam auxiliar, de forma efetiva, sua morfodiagnose, tendo em vista que as espécies pertencentes a esse gênero são consideradas de difícil identificação devido à semelhança entre elas. Para realização do trabalho, foram utilizados métodos usuais em Anatomia Vegetal. Os resultados revelaram caracteres que podem ser considerados diagnósticos para a espécie, tais como: presença de tricomas tectores; estômatos paracíticos classificados como sendo do tipo "graminoide"; cristais prismáticos em células parênquimáticas no pecíolo; tricoesclereídes e braquiesclereides na lâmina foliar; sistema vascular em arco, com extremidades voltadas para o centro nas porções proximal e mediana do pecíolo e em arco com extremidades eretas na porção distal; sistema vascular na forma de arco com extremidades eretas, "V" aberto ou traço contínuo na nervura mediana; células oleíferas no mesofilo; padrão de venação camptódromo-broquidódromo, com venação marginal do tipo fimbrial. A análise de indivíduos ocorrentes em diferentes localidades foi determinante para a escolha de caracteres que não variam em decorrência das condições ambientais distintas.

The study about the leaf anatomy of Aniba firmula (Nees & C. Mart.) Mez (Lauraceae), aimed to identify anatomical characters that assists in its diagnosis, in view of the difficulty to identificate the Aniba species by being considered very similars. To realizate this research, usual methods in Plant Anatomy were applied. The obtained results considered like diagnostic characters were the presence of non glandular trichomes; paracitic stomata like "graminoid type"; prismatic crystals in parenchymatic cells, trichosclereids and brachisclereids; vascular system in arc form, with borders revolved to the center in the basal and middle region and "U" shaped in distal region of the petiole, midrib in "U" or "V" shaped or simple trace form; oil cells in the mesophyll and camptodromous-broquidodromous venation pattern with fimbrial margin. The analysis of specimens occuring in different towns was crucial to choose the characters that´s not change because of the different environmental conditions.