Sudden infant death syndrome - a community intervention project.

OBJECTIVE: To capacitate pregnant women to comply with measures designed to prevent sudden infant death syndrome. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was conducted before and after the intervention that included pregnant women attending the Course of Preparation for Childbirth and Parenthood of Health Centers Cluster. Six training sessions were given in the context of preventing this syndrome. Three questionnaires were applied, one to evaluate the knowledge of pregnant women before classes, other was submitted after the sessions, and another, one month after the birth of the babies, to identify what skills were acquired and which were practiced. RESULTS: Among 77 studied pregnant women, 70 answered pre-session questionnaire and the proportion of correct answers varied from from 60.0% to 84.3%. After the intervention, 64 women answered the questionnaire and the proportion of correct answers varied between 79.7% and 100% . Prior to the intervention, the most wrong answers were related to the role of smoking as a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome and to the use of pacifiers as a protective measure. After the sessions, all women answered correctly to the questions concerning where the baby should sleep and the safest way to lay the baby in the cradle. CONCLUSIONS: Health education with the aim of establishing measures may have a significant impact in terms of care delivery and mortality rate caused by sudden infant death syndrome.

Multisystemic Disease in a Child and Successful Recovery With Antiviral Treatment.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, typically causes asymptomatic infections or mild mononucleosis-like syndromes in immunocompetent individuals. However, severe manifestations are well-documented in immunocompromised populations. This case report presents a previously healthy seven-year-old girl with a rare and complex presentation of primary CMV infection leading to severe multiorgan involvement, hepatosplenomegaly, cholestasis, bicytopenia, and a prolonged disease course. The patient's condition prompted an exhaustive diagnostic investigation, ruling out other potential causes. The diagnosis was confirmed by positive CMV IgM and IgG antibodies and a significantly elevated CMV DNA viral load. Treatment with intravenous ganciclovir resulted in a remarkable recovery. The case underscores the importance of considering CMV as a potential etiology of hepatitis, even in immunocompetent children, and the challenges of diagnosing complicated CMV infections. While guidelines for treating CMV in immunocompetent individuals are lacking, this report suggests that antiviral therapy may be beneficial in severe cases. Further research is needed to establish clear treatment protocols for such instances. This report contributes to the limited body of literature on severe CMV-induced hepatitis in immunocompetent children, emphasizing the need for heightened clinical awareness and timely interventions to prevent progression to acute liver failure.

Sudden infant death syndrome — a community intervention project / Síndrome da morte súbita do lactente — projeto de intervenção na comunidade

ABSTRACT Objective: To capacitate pregnant women to comply with measures designed to prevent sudden infant death syndrome. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted before and after the intervention that included pregnant women attending the Course of Preparation for Childbirth and Parenthood of Health Centers Cluster. Six training sessions were given in the context of preventing this syndrome. Three questionnaires were applied, one to evaluate the knowledge of pregnant women before classes, other was submitted after the sessions, and another, one month after the birth of the babies, to identify what skills were acquired and which were practiced. Results: Among 77 studied pregnant women, 70 answered pre-session questionnaire and the proportion of correct answers varied from from 60.0% to 84.3%. After the intervention, 64 women answered the questionnaire and the proportion of correct answers varied between 79.7% and 100% . Prior to the intervention, the most wrong answers were related to the role of smoking as a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome and to the use of pacifiers as a protective measure. After the sessions, all women answered correctly to the questions concerning where the baby should sleep and the safest way to lay the baby in the cradle. Conclusions: Health education with the aim of establishing measures may have a significant impact in terms of care delivery and mortality rate caused by sudden infant death syndrome.

RESUMO Objetivo: Capacitar as grávidas para o cumprimento de medidas de prevenção da síndrome de morte súbita do lactente. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo quase-experimental pré- e pós-intervenção que integrou as grávidas que frequentavam o Curso de Preparação para o Parto e Parentalidade do Agrupamento de Centros de Saúde. Foram ministradas seis sessões formativas no âmbito da prevenção desta síndrome. Três questionários foram aplicados, um para avaliar os conhecimentos das gestantes antes das aulas, outro foi submetido após as sessões, e outro, um mês após o nascimento dos bebês para identificar que conhecimentos foram adquiridos e quais foram praticados. Resultados: Da amostra de 77 grávidas, relativamente ao questionário pré-sessão (n=70), obteve-se uma proporção de respostas corretas entre 60,0-84,3%. Posteriormente à intervenção (n=64), verificou-se um incremento dos conhecimentos com 79,7-100% de acertos. Previamente à intervenção, as respostas mais erradas às questões eram inerentes ao papel do tabagismo como fator de risco para síndrome de morte súbita do lactente e ao uso da chupeta como medida protetora. Após as sessões, todas as mulheres responderam corretamente às questões relativas ao local onde o bebê deve dormir e à forma mais segura de colocar o bebê no berço. Conclusões: Este projeto demonstrou que a educação para a saúde com o intuito de instituir medidas pode ter um impacto significativo em termos de prestação de cuidados e taxa de mortalidade por síndrome de morte súbita do lactente.

Glycemic Control and Metabolic Parameters in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes.

AIM: The association between glycemic control and metabolic status is poorly defined in children and adolescents with T1D, besides being biologically plausible. We aimed to evaluate the association between glycemic control and body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), and lipid profile in children and adolescents with T1D. METHODS: Observational cross-sectional study including children and adolescents (5-18 years old) followed in our outpatient clinic with the diagnosis of T1D for at least a year. We used linear regression models (unadjusted and adjusted to sex and age) to evaluate the association between glycated hemoglobin (A1c) and time in range (TIR), several prespecified metabolic parameters, and prespecified demographic and clinical characteristics. We considered a p-value of <0.05 to be statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 144 patients were included, 51% of whom were female. The population had a mean age of 12.7±3.4 years old. We report a positive association between A1c and BMI, systolic and diastolic BP, total- and LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides. Females and patients diagnosed at a younger age presented with higher A1c values. There is a tendency for a negative association between TIR and the former parameters. Higher A1c levels and lower TIR were associated with higher glycemic variability and were treated with a higher basal insulin per Kg dose. CONCLUSION: Our results support an important association between worse glycemic control and an unhealthier metabolic profile in children and adolescents with T1D. We can hypothesize that a good glycemic profile is needed to achieve good metabolic control at a young age.

Computed tomography enterography or magnetic resonance enterography in Crohn's disease - which to choose? / Enterografia por tomografia computadorizada ou por ressonância magnética na doença de Crohn - qual escolher?

ABSTRACT Rationale and objectives: Evaluation of Crohn's disease by computed tomography enterography, magnetic resonance imaging enterography and colonoscopy is essential for disease monitoring. The aim of this study is to evaluate this exams acuity. Materials and methods: Patients with histological diagnosis of Crohn's disease who underwent computed tomography enterography, magnetic resonance imaging enterography and colonoscopy in the period of January 1st, 2009 and July 31st, 2016 and the realization of these exams did not exceed a time interval of 6 months was included. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV), Cohen's kappa (K), agreement and disagreement were calculated. Results: Comparing computed tomography enterography and magnetic resonance imaging enterography with colonoscopy, there was an agreement of 85.7% and a disagreement of 14.3% in Crohn's disease overall detection, for both exams. Computed tomography enterography and colonoscopy showed greater agreement in abscesses and lumen reduction detection (C = 95.2%) and magnetic resonance imaging enterography and colonoscopy in abscesses detection (C = 92.9%). Comparing magnetic resonance imaging enterography and computed tomography enterography, greater agreement was observed in detection of lumen reduction/dilatation (C = 96%). K showed considerable agreement in detection of mesenteric lymph nodes, fistulas, mural inflammation and thickening. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were respectively set at 94.12% (95% CI 71.31-99.85), 50% (95% CI 6.76-93.24), 88.89% (95% CI 65.29-98.62) and 66.67% (95% CI 9.43-99.16) for CTE and 90.62% (95% CI 80.70-96.48), 33.33% (95% CI 4.33-77.72), 93.55% (95% CI 84.30-98.21) and 25% (95% CI 3.19-65.09) for MRIE. Conclusions: Although computed tomography enterography presents better sensitivity and specificity than magnetic resonance imaging enterography, both present high agreement values in detection of characteristic Crohn's disease findings, therefore the selection of the best test to monitor Crohn's disease should take into account aspects such as age, tolerability, disease phenotype and resources availability.

RESUMO Fundamentação e objetivos: A avaliação da doença de Crohn por enterografia por tomografia computadorizada, enterografia por ressonância magnética e colonoscopia é essencial para o monitoramento da doença. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a acuidade desses exames. Materiais e métodos: O estudo incluiu pacientes com diagnóstico histológico de doença de Crohn submetidos à enterografia por tomografia computadorizada, enterografia por ressonância magnética e colonoscopia no período entre 1° de janeiro de 2009 e 31 de julho de 2016; os exames foram realizados em um intervalo de máximo de seis meses. Calculou-se a sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivo e negativo (VPP, VPN), Kappa (K) de Cohen, concordância e discordância. Resultados: Ao comparar enterografia por tomografia computadorizada e enterografia por ressonância magnética com colonoscopia, observou-se uma concordância de 85,7% e discordância de 14,3% na detecção global da doença de Crohn para ambos os exames. A enterografia por tomografia computadorizada e a colonoscopia mostraram maior concordância nos abscessos e na detecção da redução da luz (C = 95,2%) e enterografia por ressonância magnética e colonoscopia, na detecção de abscessos (C = 92,9%). Ao comparar a enterografia por ressonância magnética e a enterografia por tomografia computadorizada, observou-se maior concordância na detecção da redução/dilatação do lúmen (C = 96%). Os valores de K mostraram concordância considerável na detecção de linfonodos mesentéricos, fístulas, inflamação e espessamento mural. A sensibilidade, especificidade, VPP e VPN foram, respectivamente, 94,12% (IC 95%: 71,31 ± 99,85), 50% (IC 95%: 6,76 ± 93,24), 88,89% (IC 95%: 65,29 ± 98,62) e 66,67% (IC 95%: 9,43 ± 99,16) para ETC e 90,62% (IC 95%: 80,70 ± 96,48), 33,33% (IC 95%: 4,33 ± 77,72), 93,55% (IC 95%: 84,30 ± 98,21) e 25% (IC 95%: 3,19 ± 65,09) para enterografia por ressonância magnética. Conclusões: Embora a enterografia por tomografia computadorizada apresente melhor sensibilidade e especificidade que a enterografia por ressonância magnética, ambas apresentam altos valores de concordância na detecção dos achados característicos da doença de Crohn. Assim, a seleção do teste mais adequado para monitorar a doença de Crohn deve levar em consideração aspectos como idade, tolerabilidade, fenótipo da doença e disponibilidade de recursos.

Computed tomography enterography and magnetic resonance enterography in small intestine of Crohn's disease / Enterografia por tomografia computorizada e por ressonância magnética na avaliação da Doença de Crohn do intestino delgado

Abstract Crohn disease is defined as a chronic inflammatory and idiopathic process that can affect any portion of the gastrointestinal tract. The small intestine is the most frequently affected place, so small bowel morphology investigation is often mandatory.For decades small bowel was almost inaccessible to endoscopies, and, studies like enteroclysis and bowel transit time test, were considered gold standard tests. Recently, innovative imaging techniques, improved diagnosis and follow-up of Crohn disease patients by allowing the exploration of this gut segment.Authors review literature, concerning the role of computed tomography enterography and magnetic resonance enterography in the evaluation of small bowel Crohn disease.Authors conclude that the choice of examination to be made should be weighted considering several factors such as the age of the patient, their tolerability, the Crohn's disease phenotype and the availability of hospital resources.

Resumo A doença de Crohn é definida como um processo inflamatório e idiopático crônico que pode afetar qualquer parte do trato gastrintestinal. O intestino delgado é o local mais frequentemente afetado e, assim, com frequência torna-se obrigatória uma investigação da morfologia do intestino delgado.Durante décadas, o intestino delgado era praticamente inacessível às endoscopias; nesse contexto, estudos como a enteróclise e a determinação do tempo de trânsito intestinal eram considerados como os critérios diagnósticos principais. Recentemente, técnicas imaginológicas inovadoras aperfeiçoaram o diagnóstico e seguimento de pacientes com doença de Crohn, por permitirem a exploração desse segmento intestinal.Os autores revisam a literatura pertinente ao papel da enterografia por tomografia computadorizada e da enterografia por ressonância magnética na avaliação da doença de Crohn no intestino delgado.Os autores concluem que a escolha do exame a ser realizado deve levar em conta diversos fatores, como a idade do paciente, tolerabilidade, o fenótipo da doença de Crohn e a disponibilidade dos recursos hospitalares.