Development of a DNA marker by minisatellite associated sequence amplification (MASA) from the endangered Indian rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis).

Rhinoceroses are highly endangered species and their protection warrants immediate remedial measures. Development of DNA markers is envisaged to complement global efforts of the conservation of these extant animals. Minisatellite associated sequence amplification (MASA) of DNA from Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) and three sub-species of South African black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) was carried out using a primer based on consensus sequence of the minisatellite repeat locus 33.15. Several bands in the range of 3.0 kilobases (kb) to 650 base pairs (bp) were identified that were useful for successful differentiation of R. unicornis from D. bicornis. Of these fragments, a 688 bp one, unique to R. unicornis was cloned and sequenced (Accession No. AF-296689). The band patterns uncovered by MASA and the species-specific hybridisation of pSG5 may be utilised as a tool for differentiating the R. unicornis genome from that of D. bicornis. This approach may also be adopted for the development of DNA-based genetic marker(s) useful for identification of other endangered species.

Lectins as markers for blood grouping.

Lectins are unique proteins of varying biological importance. They are characterized by specific binding to carbohydrate residues, whether monosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharides. The sugar heads on the surface of the erythrocyte specify the different blood groups. Lectins, as an antigenic determinant of blood group, have come to be an important tool in the identification of different blood groups. A handful of lectins may be considered excellent reagents for anti-A, anti-B, anti-N etc, but the anti-A and anti-M are not yet regarded as commercially suitable antisera. Lectin from Vicia cracca has been proved to be a good anti-A, lectin from Dolichus biflorus can be used as anti-A1, and lectin from Griffonia simplicifolia as anti-B. Lectin from Vicia graminea is said to be a good typing reagent as Anti-N. On the other hand, the lectins involved in polyagglutination are absolutely essential as the reagent of choice and these cannot as yet be replaced by antibodies of any kind. Erythrocytes with exposed cryptantigens are significantly more sensitive to agglutination by certain lectins than by polyclonal antibodies. Peanut agglutinin (PNA), Polybrene, and Glycine max lectins are frequently used for the identification of different cryptantigens. The application of lectins as an anti-B reagent has proven to be as useful as human polyclonal or mouse monoclonal antibodies. Besides their specificity, lectins are excellent reagents because of their lower cost and indigenous production. The importance of various lectins used as markers for blood grouping is discussed.