Stable fixation using absorbable sutures in craniofacial surgery in patients over 24 months of age-a retrospective study.

PURPOSE: In craniofacial surgery, the stable fixation of transposed bone segments is crucial in order to ensure good long-term results. The use of absorbable material in fixation avoids the need for a second surgery, which would otherwise be required to remove osteosynthesis material. The authors of the present manuscript have already demonstrated that absorbable sutures ensure the stable fixation of bone segments in patients up to 24 months of age. However, it has thus far remained unclear whether stable fixation is possible in older patients by using only absorbable sutures due to the slower bone remodelling and prolonged healing time in this cohort. METHOD: For the present study, osteosynthesis was performed in 50 patients ranging from 25.7 to 192.1 months of age (mean, 61.4 ± 21.7 months) using solely absorbable sutures (PDS II®, Ethicon, Germany). Post-operative stability and possible restrictions-such as foreign body reactions-were evaluated within clinical and radiological routine follow-ups. RESULTS: All children demonstrated clinically and radiologically stable osteosynthesis both directly post-operatively and in follow-ups. No significant foreign body reaction could be seen. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates-for the first time-that absorbable sutures with a longer absorption period are also very well suited for the fixation of bone segments in patients over 24 months of age. The sole use of absorbable sutures in children over 24 months of age is a safe procedure with nearly no foreign body reactions. The procedure enables stable and highly cost-effective osteosynthesis without altering the osteotomy design.

Composite grafts made of polycaprolactone fiber mats and oil-based calcium phosphate cement pastes for the reconstruction of cranial and maxillofacial defects.

OBJECTIVES: Synthetic bone substitutes which can be adapted preoperatively and patient specific may be helpful in various bony defects in the field of oral- and maxillofacial surgery. For this purpose, composite grafts made of self-setting and oil-based calcium phosphate cement (CPC) pastes, which were reinforced with 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) fiber mats were manufactured. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bone defect models were acquired using patient data from real defect situations of patients from our clinic. Using a mirror imaging technique, templates of the defect situation were fabricated via a commercially available 3D-printing system. The composite grafts were assembled layer by layer, aligned on top of these templates and fitted into the defect situation. Besides, PCL-reinforced CPC samples were evaluated regarding their structural and mechanical properties via X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and 3-point-bending testing. RESULTS: The process sequence including data acquisition, template fabrication, and manufacturing of patient specific implants proved to be accurate and uncomplicated. The individual implants consisting mainly of hydroxyapatite and tetracalcium phosphate displayed good processability and a high precision of fit. The mechanical properties of the CPC cements in terms of maximum force and stress load to material fatigue were not negatively affected by the PCL fiber reinforcement, whereas clinical handling properties increased remarkably. CONCLUSION: PCL fiber reinforcement of CPC cements enables the production of very freely modelable three-dimensional implants with adequate chemical and mechanical properties for bone replacement applications. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The complex bone morphology in the region of the facial skull often poses a great challenge for a sufficient reconstruction of bony defects. A full-fledged bone replacement here often requires the replication of filigree three-dimensional structures partly without support from the surrounding tissue. With regard to this problem, the combination of smooth 3D-printed fiber mats and oil-based CPC pastes represents a promising method for fabricating patient specific degradable implants for the treatment of various craniofacial bone defects.

Virus variant-specific clinical performance of SARS coronavirus two rapid antigen tests in point-of-care use, from November 2020 to January 2022.

OBJECTIVES: Antigen rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are quick, widely available, and inexpensive. Consequently, RDTs have been established as an alternative and additional diagnostic strategy to quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). However, reliable clinical and large-scale performance data specific to a SARS-CoV-2 virus variant of concern (VOC) are limited, especially for the Omicron VOC. The aim of this study was to compare RDT performance among different VOCs. METHODS: This single-centre prospective performance assessment compared RDTs from three manufacturers (NADAL, Panbio, MEDsan) with RT-qPCR including deduced standardized viral load from oropharyngeal swabs for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a clinical point-of-care setting from November 2020 to January 2022. RESULTS: Among 35 479 RDT/RT-qPCR tandems taken from 26 940 individuals, 164 of the 426 SARS-CoV-2 positive samples tested true positive with an RDT corresponding to an RDT sensitivity of 38.50% (95% CI, 34.00-43.20%), with an overall specificity of 99.67% (95% CI, 99.60-99.72%). RDT sensitivity depended on viral load, with decreasing sensitivity accompanied by descending viral load. VOC-dependent sensitivity assessment showed a sensitivity of 42.86% (95% CI, 32.82-53.52%) for the wild-type SARS-CoV-2, 43.42% (95% CI, 32.86-54.61%) for the Alpha VOC, 37.67% (95% CI, 30.22-45.75%) for the Delta VOC, and 33.67% (95% CI, 25.09-43.49%) for the Omicron VOC. Sensitivity in samples with high viral loads of ≥106 SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies per mL was significantly lower in the Omicron VOC (50.00%; 95% CI, 36.12-63.88%) than in the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 (79.31%; 95% CI, 61.61-90.15%; p 0.015). DISCUSSION: RDT sensitivity for detection of the Omicron VOC is reduced in individuals infected with a high viral load, which curtails the effectiveness of RDTs. This aspect furthert: limits the use of RDTs, although RDTs are still an irreplaceable diagnostic tool for rapid, economic point-of-care and extensive SARS-CoV-2 screening.

Using a 3D asymmetry index as a novel form for capturing complex three-dimensionality in positional plagiocephaly.

Positional plagiocephaly (PP) is the most common skull deformity in infants. Different classification systems exist for graduating the degree of PP, but all of these systems are based on two-dimensional (2D) parameters. This limitation leads to several problems stemming from the fact that 2D parameters are used to classify the three-dimensional (3D) shape of the head. We therefore evaluate existing measurement parameters and validate a newly developed 3D parameter for quantifying PP. Additionally, we present a new classification of PP based on a 3D parameter. 210 patients with PP and 50 patients without PP were included in this study. Existing parameters (2D and 3D) and newly developed volume parameters based on a 3D stereophotogrammetry scan were validated using ROC curves. Additionally, thresholds for the new 3D parameter of a 3D asymmetry index were assessed. The volume parameter 3D asymmetry index quantifies PP equally as well as the gold standard of 30° diagonal difference. Moreover, a 3D asymmetry index allows for a 3D-based classification of PP. The 3D asymmetry index can be used to define the degree of PP. It is easily applicable in stereophotogrammetric datasets and allows for comparability both intra- and inter-individually as well as for scientific analysis.

The utilization of dental emergency services during COVID-19 pandemic in a German university center: Do we lose vulnerable patients?

OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic poses a major challenge to health care worldwide. As a part of the virus containment strategy, health care services were limited to the treatment of essential emergencies. The aim was to evaluate the influence of COVID-19 pandemic on patients' utilization of dental emergency services, focusing on patients vulnerable to severe courses of COVID-19. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Files of 1,299 patients of the Dental School of the University Hospital Wuerzburg between 3 February and 7 June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The observation period was divided into pre-lockdown (Pre-L), during lockdown (Dur-L), and post-lockdown (Post-L). Patients' demographics, diagnosis, and medical history including COVID-19 anamnesis were recorded. RESULTS: The number of dental emergency patients decreased by approximately 50% (Pre-L, n = 576; Dur-L, n = 309). Proportions of risk patients among them did not change. Stationary admissions increased by approximately 4% (Pre-L, 12.3% to Dur-L, 16.2%). The most frequent diagnosis was uncontrollable pain (45.6%), originating in 25.2% of endodontic and periodontal diseases. Abscesses (23.0%), dental trauma (16.5%), facial trauma (9.4%), and uncontrollable bleeding (5.5%) followed consecutively. CONCLUSION: Patients with an increased risk for severe courses of COVID-19 infection did not refrain from consulting dental emergency care. Dental emergencies should be treated early to avoid stationary admissions to preserve hospital bed capacities.

Clinical performance evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen testing in point of care usage in comparison to RT-qPCR.

BACKGROUND: Antigen rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) for SARS-CoV-2 are fast, broadly available, and inexpensive. Despite this, reliable clinical performance data from large field studies is sparse. METHODS: In a prospective performance evaluation study, RDT from three manufacturers (NADAL®, Panbio™, MEDsan®, conducted on different samples) were compared to quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in 5 068 oropharyngeal swabs for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a hospital setting. Viral load was derived from standardised RT-qPCR Cycle threshold (Ct) values. The data collection period ranged from November 12, 2020 to February 28, 2021. FINDINGS: The sensitivity of RDT compared to RT-qPCR was 42·57% (95% CI 33·38%-52·31%). The specificity was 99·68% (95% CI 99·48%-99·80%). Sensitivity declined with decreasing viral load from 100% in samples with a deduced viral load of ≥108 SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies per ml to 8·82% in samples with a viral load lower than 104 SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies per ml. No significant differences in sensitivity or specificity could be observed between samples with and without spike protein variant B.1.1.7. The NPV in the study cohort was 98·84%; the PPV in persons with typical COVID-19 symptoms was 97·37%, and 28·57% in persons without or with atypical symptoms. INTERPRETATION: RDT are a reliable method to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection in persons with high viral load. RDT are a valuable addition to RT-qPCR testing, as they reliably detect infectious persons with high viral loads before RT-qPCR results are available. FUNDING: German Federal Ministry for Education and Science (BMBF), Free State of Bavaria.

Subjective perception of craniofacial growth asymmetries in patients with deformational plagiocephaly.

OBJECTIVES: The present investigation aimed to evaluate the subjective perception of deformational cranial asymmetries by different observer groups and to compare these subjective perceptions with objective parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 3D datasets of ten infants with different severities of deformational plagiocephaly (DP) were presented to 203 observers, who had been subdivided into five different groups (specialists, pediatricians, medical doctors (not pediatricians), parents of infants with DP, and laypersons). The observers rated their subjective perception of the infants' cranial asymmetries using a 4-point Likert-type scale. The ratings from the observer groups were compared with one another using a multilevel modelling linear regression analysis and were correlated with four commonly used parameters to objectively quantify the cranial asymmetries. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the ratings of the specialists and those of the parents of infants with DP, but both groups provided significantly more asymmetric ratings than did pediatricians, medical doctors, or laypersons. Moreover, the subjective perception of cranial asymmetries correlated significantly with commonly used parameters for objectively quantifying cranial asymmetries. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that different observer groups perceive the severity of cranial asymmetries differently. Pediatricians' more moderate perception of cranial asymmetries may reduce the likelihood of parents to seek therapeutic interventions for their infants. Moreover, we identified some objective symmetry-related parameters that correlated strongly with the observers' subjective perceptions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Knowledge about these findings is important for clinicians when educating parents of infants with DP about the deformity.

Craniofacial growth in infants with deformational plagiocephaly: does prematurity affect the duration of head orthosis therapy and the extent of the reduction in asymmetry during treatment?

OBJECTIVE: Although prematurity is a risk factor for developing deformational plagiocephaly (DP), to our knowledge, there are no studies that have analyzed the impact of a premature birth on the duration of head orthosis therapy and the extent of the reduction in asymmetry during treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 239 patients with DP who were undergoing head orthosis therapy. Depending on the gestational age, they were assigned to either a premature (gestational age of < 37 weeks) or a full-term (gestational age of ≥ 37 weeks) group. Head shape was analyzed using 3D-stereophotogrammetry at the start and end of treatment. We performed multiple linear regression analyses to evaluate the impact of prematurity on the duration of therapy and the extent of the reduction in asymmetry, taking age and the initial asymmetry of an infant's head into account. RESULTS: Head orthosis therapy led to a significant reduction in asymmetry in both groups. Using multiple linear regression analyses, we demonstrated that age at the start of treatment, the initial asymmetry and prematurity, significantly influenced the duration of therapy. Patients who were born at an earlier gestational age experienced a shorter treatment length. However, prematurity did not affect the extent of the reduction in cranial asymmetry that was achieved. CONCLUSIONS: Along with age at the start of treatment and the initial asymmetry, prematurity is significantly correlated with the duration of head orthosis therapy, but not with the extent of the reduction in asymmetry achieved. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Knowledge of these findings is important for clinicians when planning treatment and discussing the effectiveness of head orthosis therapy with the parents of premature infants with DP.

Head orthosis therapy in positional plagiocephaly: longitudinal 3D-investigation of long-term outcomes, compared with untreated infants and with a control group.

Background: As there are very few long-term studies on the effects of head orthosis on deformational plagiocephaly (DP), we investigated the outcomes of patients, including facial symmetry and dental occlusion. Methods: Forty-five infants with DP [cranial vault asymmetry index (CVAI) > 3.5 per cent] were divided into two groups: one treated with head orthosis (32 infants) and another without (13 infants). Another group without head asymmetry (CVAI ≤ 3.5 per cent) served as control. Using 3D-stereophotogrammetry, cranial asymmetry was analysed using symmetry-related variables [CVAI, posterior cranial asymmetry index (PCAI), and ear offset]. Data acquisition was performed before (T1) and at the end of treatment (T2), and at the age of 4 years (T3) for the treated group and at T1 and T3 for the remaining groups. Parameters of facial symmetry and dental occlusion were assessed at T3 for infants with DP. Results: Symmetry-related variables (∆T1-T3) improved significantly more in the treated than the control group, whereas these parameters did not differ significantly between the untreated and control group. Comparing the treated and untreated groups between T1 and T3, the reduction in the asymmetry at the treated group was significantly higher for the CVAI and PCAI. In follow-up, the untreated group showed higher incidences of facial asymmetries than the treated group. Seventy-five per cent of all lateral crossbites found in patients with DP were contralateral to the posterior flattening. Limitations: Due to ethical reasons, the investigation is a non-randomized study. Parameters of facial symmetry were only assed for the treated and untreated groups. Conclusion: Head orthosis therapy in patients with DP leads to significantly better long-term outcomes. Facial asymmetries are more frequent in patients with DP who do not receive this treatment.

Cranial growth in infants─A longitudinal three-dimensional analysis of the first months of life.

PURPOSE: In the first months of life, any deviation from a physiological growth pattern can cause skull deformity. As there has not been any longitudinal three-dimensional (3D) study investigating the physiological growth of the infant skull, the aim of the present study was to acquire such data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed 3D stereophotogrammetric scans of 40 infants without cranial asymmetry at four regular 2-month intervals from the 4th to the 10th month of age. Six growth-related parameters (circumference, length, width, height, cephalic index [CI; width-length ratio] and total head volume) were used to analyse skull growth longitudinally. RESULTS: With exception of the CI, all parameters showed significant increases, with maximum percentage growth from the 4th to the 6th month. The CI initially remained unchanged until the 6th month, before showing a significant reduction that continued throughout the study period. Male infants had larger heads than female infants, but a similar width-length ratio at all measurement times. CONCLUSION: This prospective study is the first longitudinal 3D analysis to examine the physiological growth dynamics of infants' heads within the first months of life. Understanding patterns of skull growth in all three dimensions is important for gaining further insights into physiological and pathophysiological skull development.

MAGE-A11 expression contributes to cisplatin resistance in head and neck cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to investigate the roles of melanoma-associated antigens (MAGEs) in the cisplatin treatment of head and neck cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed the efficacy of cisplatin in a set of four head and neck cancer cell lines using a crystal violet assay. The MAGE-A expression in all cell lines was measured with RT-qPCR. The correlation between MAGE-A expression and cisplatin efficacy was investigated using Spearman's correlation analysis. Furthermore, we established a cell line with stable overexpression of MAGE-A11 and determined influence on proliferation, cisplatin efficacy and cell apoptosis. In this cell line, the effects of cisplatin were assessed using either crystal violet assays or flow cytometry (Annexin V). RESULTS: For MAGE-A11, we observed the highest correlation (r = 1.000, p = 0.0417) with low cisplatin efficacy. Stable overexpression of MAGE-A11 resulted in no changes in proliferation, but in lower cisplatin cytotoxicity and lower rates of apoptosis. Also, mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) expression was induced by MAGE-A11 overexpression. CONCLUSION: We provide evidence that MAGE-A11 expression contributes to cisplatin resistance in head and neck cancer. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our study underscores the negative predictive role of MAGE-A11 expression in head and neck cancer.

Positional Skull Deformities.

BACKGROUND: Especially in the first 6 months of life, skull deformities manifesting as a uni- or bilateral flattening of the occiput often give rise to questions of differential diagnosis and potential treatment. In this review, the authors summarize the current understanding of risk factors for this condition, and the current state of the relevant diagnostic assessment and options for treatment. METHODS: The recommendations given in this selective review of the literature are based on current studies and on existing guidelines on the prevention of sudden infant death, the recommendations of the German Society for Pediatric Neurology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neuropädiatrie), and the American guidelines on the treatment of positional plagiocephaly in infancy. RESULTS: Pre-, peri-, and postnatal risk factors can contribute to the development of positional skull deformities. These deformities can be diagnosed and classified on the basis of their clinical features, supplemented in unclear cases by ultrasonography of the cranial sutures. The putative relationship between positional skull deformities and developmental delay is currently debated. The main preventive and therapeutic measure is parent education to foster correct positioning habits (turning of the infant to the less favored side; prone positioning on occasion when awake) and beneficial stimulation of the infant (to promote lying on the less favored side). If the range of motion of the head is limited, physiotherapy is an effective additional measure. In severe or refractory cases, a skull orthosis (splint) may be useful. CONCLUSION: The parents of children with positional skull deformities should be comprehensively informed about the necessary preventive and therapeutic measures. Treatment should be initiated early and provided in graded fashion, according to the degree of severity of the problem. Parental concern about the deformity should not be allowed to lead to a rejection of the reasonable recommendation for a supine sleeping position.

Head Orthosis Therapy in Positional Plagiocephaly: Influence of Age and Severity of Asymmetry on Effect and Duration of Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Only a few studies investigating the optimal time point at which to start orthotic treatment for deformational plagiocephaly take into account the severity of skull asymmetry. The present study performs a three-dimensional analysis of the effects of age and severity of asymmetry on the final outcome. METHODS: A total of 144 patients with deformational plagiocephaly treated by molding orthosis were examined and divided into three age groups (group I, <24 weeks; group II, ≥24 to <32 weeks; and group III, ≥32 weeks) and two severity levels (mild to moderate, 30-degree cranial vault asymmetry ≥3 mm to ≤12 mm; and moderate to severe, 30-degree cranial vault asymmetry >12 mm). The extent of the reduction of asymmetry was analyzed using three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry. RESULTS: Therapy with molding orthosis led to a significant reduction in asymmetry in all defined age groups. Efficacy of reduction decreased with increasing age. Successful treatment (cranial vault asymmetry index <3.5 percent) was achieved in 83, 69, and 40 percent of patients with mild to moderate asymmetry in groups I, II, and III, respectively; and in 50, 30, and 7 percent of patients with moderate to severe asymmetry in groups I, II, and III, respectively. The average duration of treatment increased from 18.6 weeks to 25.3 weeks (age groups I and III). CONCLUSION: Age at the beginning of treatment and severity of asymmetry have a definite impact on the duration and effectiveness of molding orthosis therapy. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Risk, II.

Expansion patterns in surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion : Transpalatal distractor versus hyrax appliance.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this work was to compare the patterns of expansion resulting from a tooth-borne hyrax appliance and a bone-borne transpalatal distractor in patients treated by surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME). METHODS: A total of 28 patients with transverse maxillary hypoplasia were treated by SARME, using a hyrax appliance in 12 and a transpalatal distractor in 16 cases. Before and after palatal expansion, an impression of each maxilla was taken. Casts fabricated on this basis were digitized with a 3D scanner. Based on the resultant virtual models, both the amounts of expansion and the angles of crown tipping from the canines through the second molars were determined and the results of the two groups were compared. RESULTS: Almost all measurement sites revealed significant expansion of the dental arches over the course of SARME. The sites of maximum expansion were more anterior in the distractor group, while larger total amounts of expansion were seen in the hyrax group. Both appliances involved buccal tipping of almost all canines, premolars, and molars; these findings were more pronounced in the hyrax group. CONCLUSIONS: Either a transpalatal distractor or a hyrax appliance can be successfully used to expand a narrow maxilla by SARME. The two appliances, however, cause different amounts of dental arch expansion and buccal crown tipping. A hyrax appliance should be expected to result in a parallel expansion pattern with the largest increase in the premolar area. A transpalatal distractor is likely to cause more of a V-shaped pattern of expansion. Thus, in clinical practice, specific patterns of distraction can be selectively achieved by taking advantage of specific appliances and various options of positioning.

Perception of children's faces with unilateral coronal synostosis--an eye-tracking investigation.

PURPOSE: Premature unilateral coronal craniosynostosis results in distinctive cranial and facial abnormalities of varying severity, including orbital dystopia and an abnormal head shape. As the face is affected, these children may encounter stigmatization. To avoid this scenario, many parents elect for their child to undergo surgical correction. Laypeople's perception of children with either untreated or treated unilateral coronal craniosynostosis (UCS) has not yet been objectively evaluated. METHODS: This study introduces eye tracking as an objective instrument in order to evaluate the perception of 14 children with coronal synostosis, both pre- and postoperatively. Age-matched healthy children served as a control group. Using standardized photos, the involuntary eye movements and the fixations of 30 unaffected laypeople were evaluated. RESULTS: In the untreated children, whose faces were characterized by striking orbital dystopia, the eyes drew more attention than those of the healthy children. The results of our study demonstrate that the operative correction of unilateral coronal synostosis results in the normalization of the asymmetry of the fronto-orbital region, whereas the C-shaped deformity of the midface, which is not addressed via surgery, subsequently attracts more attention. CONCLUSION: Eye tracking objectively evaluates both the perception of craniofacial abnormalities and the extent of the approximation of normality after surgical correction. We introduce eye tracking as an objective measurement tool for craniofacial abnormalities for the first time.

Diagnostic features of prematurely fused cranial sutures on plain skull X-rays.

PURPOSE: The characteristic features of prematurely fused craniosynostosis in plain radiographs have already been described in literature, but there is no clinical trial investigating the individual features of every single form of craniosynostosis. We described suture-specific characteristics as well as its frequency of appearance in plain radiographs in every different form of craniosynostosis. Intraoperative findings served as control to confirm the diagnosis. METHODS: One hundred twenty-seven children with prematurely fused cranial sutures who underwent a skull X-ray from 2008 to 2012 were investigated in the present study. In detail, 34 children with frontal, 60 with sagittal, 13 with unilateral and 14 with bilateral coronal synostosis and 3 with unilateral lambdoid craniosynostosis as well as 3 children with a bilateral lambdoid synostosis were included. RESULTS: Typical radiological characteristics in craniosynostosis exist. These features as well as its frequency in craniosynostosis in plain skull radiographs are presented. In all cases, these typical features enabled a correct diagnosis, which was confirmed by intraoperative findings. CONCLUSION: The frequency of the appearance of typical features is listed and may serve as a "mental internal check list" in the radiological approach to craniosynostosis. The study points out the value of plain skull X-rays as it enabled proper diagnosis in all investigated 127 cases.

Occipital plagiocephaly: unilateral lambdoid synostosis versus positional plagiocephaly.

OBJECTIVE: We defined parameters that could differentiate between positional and synostotic plagiocephaly and defined a diagnostic chart for decision making. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: We examined 411 children with non-syndromic skull abnormalities between January 2011 and December 2012. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 8 infants under 1 year of age with proven unilateral non-syndromic lambdoid synostosis (LS) and 261 children with positional deformity were examined to outline the specific clinical features of both diagnoses. After clinical examination, an ultrasound revealed either a closed suture suggestive of LS or a patent lambdoid suture suggestive of positional deformity. For patients with synostosis, plain radiographs, MR imaging and follow-up examinations were performed. In cases of open sutures, only follow-ups were completed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Clinical, imaging, genesis and treatment differences between positional plagiocephaly and LS. RESULTS: In all 8 cases of unilateral LS and 258 cases of positional plagiocephaly, the diagnosis was established by clinical examination alone. In three cases of positional plagiocephaly, diagnosis was determined after an additional ultrasonography. MR imaging revealed a unilateral tonsillar herniation in five of the eight children with LS and hydrocephalus in one child. CONCLUSIONS: We have suggested a list of clinical features that specify the underlying cause of posterior plagiocephaly. An additional ultrasound scanning confirmed the diagnosis without any risks of ionising radiation or sedation as in a CT scan.