[Clinical pharmacokinetics of anti-infective drugs in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]. / Klinische Pharmakokinetik der Antiinfektiva bei extrakorporaler Membranoxygenierung.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is becoming more and more clinically important. The extracorporeal circuit for membrane oxygenation consists of a pump, a membrane oxygenator and large volume tubing. The ECMO device forms an additional compartment, which can absorb drugs with high lipophilia and protein binding. Thus, ECMO affects the volume of distribution and the clearance. As a consequence, the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (pk-pd) target parameters cannot be achieved. The selection of an appropriate substance and the mode of application, combined with therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), can significantly improve the therapeutic outcome of critically ill patients.

[Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency in adolescence and adulthood: first manifestation with life-threatening decompensation]. / Ornithintranscarbamylasemangel im Jugend- und Erwachsenenalter: Erstmanifestation mit lebensbedrohlicher Dekompensation.

BACKGROUND: Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency is the most frequent innate disorder of the urea cycle and is X-chromosome linked. The disease normally manifests itself shortly after birth and is fatal when untreated. Due to the different expression and X-chromosomal inheritance the manifestation of symptoms can appear later particularly in girls and young women. The first symptoms are non-specific signs of elevated cerebral pressure as a result of a hyperammonemia, which range from nausea and headache up to cerebral herniation with fatal outcome. Measurement of plasma ammonia levels is a simple yet important screening test for patients with unexpected stupor or delirium. CASE REPORTS: The two case reports show the clinical range from acute decompensation with acute cerebral herniation followed by fatal outcome to recovery under emergency therapy without substantial neurological deficits. THERAPY: Emergency treatment consists of symptomatic securing of vital parameters and an immediate reduction in the ammonia level using high calorie, protein-free nutrition to avoid catabolism together with administration of arginine, benzoate or phenyl butyrate. In cases of coma with severe cerebral edema and the threat of a herniation reaction or excessive ammonia levels, emergency hemodialysis must be immediately carried out. CONCLUSIONS: In the clinical routine it is extremely important to consider a metabolic defect at an early phase and among others to determine the ammonia level so that the appropriate treatment can be instigated in time.