Association between pulmonary function and cardiac enzymes in sickle cell disease.

BACKGROUND: There is scarcity of data on association between lung function and cardiac markers in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Meanwhile, SCD affects multi-organs in any one population. There seem to be an association between reduced pulmonary function with cardiac dysfunction. The current study examined the association between pulomanry function with cardiac markers in patients with SCD. METHODOLOGY: This was a cross-sectional study with cases and controls. The cases (n=117) were made up of patients with SCD. The control subjects (n=58) were voluntary blood donors without SCD. The cellulose acetate electrophoresis was used to determine the genotypes of the study subjects. Blood samples were collected from all the study subjects for full blood count and measurement of cardiac enzymes. The cardiac enzymes measured were lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB). Lung function test, using the vitalograph was done on all the study subjects. The Global Lung Initiative criteria were used to categorize lung disease as obstruction, restriction, mixed obstruction/restriction and normal. RESULTS: The prevalence of elevated CK-MB and LDH among the SCD patients was 76.92% and 9.40% respectively, higher than the non-SCD controls (51.72% and 0% for elevated CK-MB and LDH respectively). Of all the impaired lung function, lung restriction was prevalent in all the study groups (30.77% and 15.52% for SCD patients and non-SCD controls respectively). In the fully adjusted model, reduced FEV1 was associated with nearly 3.5-fold higher odds of elevated CK-MB (odds ratio 3.35, 95% CI 1.26-8.90, p-value 0.015) in individuals with SCD. CONCLUSION: Reduced FEV1 which reflects airflow impairments are associated with CK-MB elevations in patients with SCD, suggesting a possible damage to the cardiomyocytes.

Synthesis, characterization and crystal structure of organotin(IV) N-butyl-N-phenyldithiocarbamate compounds and their cytotoxicity in human leukemia cell lines.

Organotin complexes are recognized as the biologically active compounds in inducing cancerous cells death at very low doses. To date, organotin compounds currently appear among the most potent candidates in research related to the new anticancer drugs. In this study, new organotin(IV) N-butyl-N-phenyldithiocarbamate compounds have been successfully synthesized between the reaction of N-butylaniline amine with organotin(IV) chloride in 1:2/1:1 molar ratio. All compounds were characterized using the elemental analysis, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. The single crystal structure was determined by X-ray single crystal analysis. The elemental analysis showed good agreement with the suggested formula (C4H9)2Sn[S2CN(C4H9)(C6H5)]2 (Compound 1 and 2), (C6H5)2Sn[S2CN(C4H9)(C6H5)]2 (Compound 3) and (C6H5)3Sn[S2CN(C4H9)(C6H5)] (Compound 4). The important infrared absorbance peaks, v (C = N) and v(C = S) were detected in range between 1457-1489 cm(-1) and 951-996 cm(-1), respectively. The chemical shift of carbon in NCS2 group obtained from 13C NMR was found in range 198.86-203.53 ppm. The crystal structure of compound 4 showed that the dithiocarbamate ligand coordinates in a monodentate fashion. It crystallized in monoclinic P2(1)/n space group with the crystal cell parameter: a = 10.0488(1) angstroms, b = 18.0008(2) angstroms, c = 15.2054(2) angstroms, beta = 102.442(1) degrees and R = 0.044. The cytotoxicity (IC50) of these compounds against Jurkat E6.1 and K-562 leukemia cells were in the range between 0.4-0.8 and 1.8-5.3 microM, respectively as assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazholium bromide (MTT) assay. In conclusion, our study demonstrate that all compounds showed potent cytotoxicity towards both cell lines tested with the triphenyltin(IV) compound displayed the greatest effect.

Anti-trypanosomal effect of Peristrophe bicalyculata extract on Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected rats.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the in vitro and in vivo effect of whole plant extracts of Peristrophe bicalyculata on Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected rats. METHODS: THE EXPERIMENT WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO PHASES: In the first phase, the anti-trypanosomal activity of the hot water, cold water, methanol and butanol extracts of the whole plant were determined by incubating with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. The cold water extract was partially-purified and the anti-trypanosomal activity of the fractions determined. In the second phase, Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected rats were treated with fraction 2c for nine days. Packed cell volume (PCV), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TAG), aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferases (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total and direct bilirubin levels were determined at the end of the experiment. RESULTS: Cold water extract immobilized 90% of the parasites after 60 min of incubation, and fraction 2c completely immobilized the parasites after 35 min. It significantly increased PCV in Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected rats. Decreased TC, TAG, HDL and LDL levels of infected rats increased significantly when rats were treated with the fraction, while elevated levels of total bilirubin and ALT also decreased. The difference in urea, direct bilirubin and ALP was not significant when infected rats were compared to rats in other groups. CONCLUSIONS: The ability of the plant to ameliorate the infection-induced biochemical changes calls for detailed investigation of the potentials of the plant for antitrypanosomiasis drug delivery.

(Bipyridine-κ(2)N,N')chlorido[N-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-N-isopropyl-dithio-carbamato-κ(2)S,S']zinc(II).

The Zn(II) atom in the title compound, [Zn(C(6)H(12)NOS(2))Cl(C(10)H(8)N(2))], is coordinated by a chelating N-2-hy-droxy-ethyl-N-isopropyl-dithio-carbamate ligand, a 2,2'-bipyridine ligand and a Cl atom. The resulting ClN(2)S(2) donor set defines a distorted square-pyramidal coordination geometry. Helical supra-molecular chains sustained by O-H⋯S hydrogen bonds and propagating along the b axis feature in the crystal packing. A three-dimensional architecture is stabilized by C-H⋯O, C-H⋯S and C-H⋯Cl inter-actions.

(N-Ethyl-N-phenyl-dithio-carbamato-κS)triphenyl-tin(IV).

The title compound, [Sn(C(6)H(5))(3)(C(9)H(10)NS(2))], has two independent mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit and each features a tetra-hedrally coordinated Sn(IV) atom as the dithio-carbamate ligand coordinates in a monodentate fashion. As the non-coordinating thione S atom is proximate to the Sn atom [Sn⋯S(thione) = 3.1477 (6) and 2.9970 (5) Šfor the independent mol-ecules], distortions from the ideal geometry are evident [the widest angle being 120.48 (5)°]. The most notable feature of the crystal packing is the formation of C-H⋯π inter-actions that lead to the formation of supra-molecular layers parallel to ([Formula: see text]2[Formula: see text]).

Di-n-butyl-bis-(N-ethyl-N-phenyl-dithio-carbamato-κS)tin(IV).

The title compound, [Sn(C(4)H(9))(2)(C(9)H(10)NS(2))(2)], features a tetra-hedrally coordinated Sn(IV) atom; the dithio-carbamate ligands coordinate in a monodentate fashion, accompanied by two n-butyl chains. The non-coordinating thione S atoms are each proximate to the Sn(IV) atom [3.0136 (7) and 2.9865 (8) Å], giving rise to distortions from the ideal geometry as evident in the wide C-Sn-C bond angle of 139.06 (12) °. In the crystal, C-H⋯S inter-actions lead to the formation of a linear supra-molecular chain along the b axis. The chains are aligned into layers by C-H⋯π inter-actions, and the layers stack along [001]. One of the ethyl groups is statistically disordered over two sets of sites.

(E)-2-[1-(1-Benzothio-phen-2-yl)ethyl-idene]-N-phenyl-hydrazinecarboxamide.

The title compound, C(17)H(15)N(3)OS, crystallizes with two unique mol-ecules, denoted 1 and 2, in the asymmetric unit. The two mol-ecules are closely similar and overlay with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.053 Å. Both mol-ecules adopt E configurations with respect to the C=N bonds. The dihedral angles between the benzothio-phene groups and N-bound phenyl rings are 36.36 (9)° for mol-ecule 1 and 29.71 (9)° for mol-ecule 2. The C=N-NH-C(O)NH ethyl-idene-hydrazinecarboxamide units are also reasonably planar, with r.m.s. deviations of 0.061 and 0.056 Å, respectively, for the two mol-ecules. The methyl substituents lie 0.338 (3) and 0.396 (3) Å, respectively, from these planes. The C=N-NH-C(O)NH planes are inclined to the phenyl rings at 13.65 (11) and 15.56 (11)°, respectively, in mol-ecules 1 and 2. This conformation is enhanced by weak intra-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds between ortho-H atoms of the two phenyl rings and the carbonyl O atoms, which generate S(6) rings in each mol-ecule. In the crystal, pairs of mol-ecules are linked by pairs of inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into dimers. Alternating dimers are further inter-connected by weak C-H⋯O contacts into zigzag rows along b. The rows are stacked along a by C-H⋯π contacts involving the benzene ring from molecule 2 and the thiophene ring from molecule 1 of adjacent benzothio-phene units.

3-[(E)-(4-Chloro-benzyl-idene)amino]-1-phenyl-thio-urea.

In the title compound, C(14)H(12)ClN(3)S, the dihedral angle between the terminal benzene rings is 56.6 (2)°; the benzene rings lie to the same side of the mol-ecule. The major twist in the mol-ecule occurs around the C(ar)-N bond (ar is aromatic) [C-N-C-C = 49.9 (5)°]. The configuration about the N=C bond [1.271 (4) Å] is E. The amine H atoms lie on opposite sides of the mol-ecule with one forming an intra-molecular N-H⋯N(imine) hydrogen bond and an S(5) ring. In the crystal, centrosymmetric dimers are formed via {⋯HNC=S}(2) synthons.

(2,2'-Bipyridine-κN,N')bis-(N-isopropyl-N-methyl-dithio-carbamato-κS,S')cadmium.

The Cd(II) atom in the title compound, [Cd(C(5)H(10)NS(2))(2)(C(10)H(8)N(2))], exists in an N(2)S(4) donor set defined by two chelating dithio-carbamate anions as well as a 2,2'-bipyridine ligand. The coordination geometry approximates a trigonal prism. The crystal packing features weak C-H⋯S inter-actions, leading to linear supra-molecular chains along the a axis. The primary connections between these are by π-π stacking inter-actions [ring centroid distance between centrosymmetrically related pyridyl rings = 3.7455 (10) Å]. Overall, the crystal structure may be described as comprising double layers of mol-ecules that stack along the b axis.

Bis(N-isopropyl-N-methyl-dithio-carbamato-κS,S')(1,10-phenanthroline-κN,N')zinc.

The Zn(II) atom in the title compound, [Zn(C(5)H(10)NS(2))(2)(C(12)H(8)N(2))], exists in a distorted cis-octa-hedral N(2)S(4) donor set defined by two chelating dithio-carbamate anions as well as a 1,10-phenanthroline ligand. Each of the ligands coordinates in a symmetric mode. The crystal packing is stabilized by weak C-H⋯S, C-H⋯π(ZnS(2)C) and π-π [ring centroid distance between centrosymmetrically related pyridyl rings = 3.5955 (13) Å] inter-actions.

(N-Butyl-N-phenyl-dithio-carbamato-κS)triphenyl-tin(IV).

The title compound, [Sn(C(6)H(5))(3)(C(11)H(14)NS(2))], features a tetra-hedrally coordinated Sn atom, as the dithio-carbamate ligand coordinates in a monodentate fashion. Due to the proximity of the non-coordinating thione S atom, distortions from ideal tetra-hedral geometry about the metal atom are evident with the widest C-Sn-S angle being 117.26 (5)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯S inter-actions, which generate helical supra-molecular chains along the b axis.

(N-Benzyl-N-ethyl-dithio-carbamato)di-tert-butyl-chloridotin(IV).

The Sn(IV) atom in the title diorganotin dithio-carbamate, [Sn(C(4)H(9))(2)Cl(C(10)H(12)NS(2))], is penta-coordinated by an asymmetrically coordinating dithio-carbamate ligand, a Cl and two C atoms of the Sn-bound tert-butyl groups. The resulting C(2)ClS(2) donor set defines a coordination geometry inter-mediate between square pyramidal and trigonal bipyramidal with a slight tendency towards the former. In the crystal structure, C-H⋯π contacts link centrosymmetrically related mol-ecules into dimeric aggregates.

(2,2'-Bipyridyl-κN,N')bis-(N-butyl-N-methyl-dithio-carbamato-κS,S')cadmium(II).

The Cd(II) atom in the title compound, [Cd(C(6)H(12)NS(2))(2)(C(10)H(8)N(2))], is hexa-coordinated by two dithio-carbamate ligands and the N atoms from a bidentate 2,2'-bipyridyl mol-ecule. The coordination geometry is based on a distorted trigonal-prismatic arrangement of the N(2)S(4) donor set. Supra-molecular chains, aligned along the a-axis direction, are mediated by C-H⋯S inter-actions and these are connected into layers that stack along the c axis via π-π inter-actions [Cg(pyrid-yl)⋯Cg(pyrid-yl) = 3.6587 (13) Å].

Di-tert-butyl-chlorido(N,N-dibenzyl-dithio-carbamato)tin(IV).

The Sn(IV) atom in the title diorganotin dithio-carbamate, [Sn(C(4)H(9))(2)(C(15)H(14)NS(2))Cl], is penta-coordinated by an asymmetrically coordinating dithio-carbamate ligand, a Cl atom and two C atoms of the Sn-bound tert-butyl groups. The resulting C(2)ClS(2) donor set defines a coordination geometry inter-mediate between square pyramidal and trigonal bipyramidal with a slight tendency towards the former.

(2,2'-Bipyridine-κN,N')bis-(N-ethyl-N-methyl-dithio-carbamato-κS,S')zinc(II).

The complete mol-ecule of the title compound, [Zn(C(4)H(8)NS(2))(2)(C(10)H(8)N(2))], is generated by crystallographic twofold symmetry, with the Zn atom lying on the rotation axis; the axis also bis-ects the central C-C bond of the 2,2'-bipyridine mol-ecule. The metal atom is chelated by two S,S'-bidentate dithio-carbamate anions and the N,N'-bidentate heterocycle, resulting in a distorted cis-ZnN(2)S(4) octa-hedral geometry. The methyl and ethyl groups of the anion are statistically disordered.

Bis(N-isobutyl-N-propyl-dithio-carbamato-κS,S')zinc(II).

In the title compound, [Zn(C(8)H(16)NS(2))(2)], the Zn(II) atom is chelated by two S,S'-bidentate dithio-carbamate ions in a very distorted tetra-hedral geometry. The alkyl chains of the ligands are equally disordered over two sets of sites.

Bis(N-butyl-N-ethyl-dithio-carbamato-κS,S')nickel(II).

The dithio-carbamate anions in the title compound, [Ni(C(7)H(14)NS(2))(2)], chelate to the Ni(II) atom, which is four-coordinate in a square-planar geometry. The Ni(II) atom lies on a center of inversion.

Bis(N-isopropyl-N-methyl-dithio-carbamato-κS,S')diphenyl-tin(IV).

The dithio-carbamate anions in the title compound, [Sn(C(6)H(5))(2)(C(5)H(10)NS(2))(2)], chelate to the Sn(IV) atom, which is six-coordinated in a skew-trapezoidal-bipyramidal geometry. The mol-ecule lies across a twofold rotation axis.

Bis(N-ethyl-N-methyl-dithio-carbamato-κS,S')diphenyl-tin(IV).

The dithio-carbamate anions in the title compound, [Sn(C(6)H(5))(2)(C(4)H(8)NS(2))(2)], chelate to the Sn(IV) atom, which is six-coordinated in a skew-trapezoidal-bipyramidal geometry. The mol-ecule lies across a twofold rotation axis.

Di-tert-butyl-bis(N-isopropyl-N-methyl-dithio-carbamato-κS,S')tin(IV).

The dithio-carbamate anions in the title compound, [Sn(C(4)H(9))(2)(C(5)H(10)NS(2))(2)], chelate to the Sn(IV) atom, which is six-coordinated in a skew-trapezoidal-bipyramidal geometry. The mol-ecule lies across a twofold rotation axis. The crystal studied was a non-merohedral twin, the ratio of the twin components being 0.82 (1):0.18 (1).