RESUMO
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) event DAS-81419-2 (Conkesta technology) in soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, expresses Cry1F and Cry1Ac proteins to provide protection from feeding by several lepidopteran pests. A total of 27 field experiments across nine locations were conducted from 2011 to 2015 in southern and central Brazil to characterize the efficacy of DAS-81419-2 soybean infested with Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) during vegetative (V4) and reproductive (R2 and R4) crop developmental stages. The efficacy of DAS-81419-2 was compared to that of a non-Bt isogenic variety managed with or without applications of commercial foliar insecticides for lepidopteran control. DAS-81419-2 soybean consistently experienced defoliation levels of 0.5% or less (compared with 20.05-56.74% in the non-Bt, nonsprayed treatment) and larval survival of < 0.1% in all four species across the vegetative and reproductive plant stages evaluated. The efficacy of DAS-81419-2 was significantly higher than commercial foliar insecticides applied to the non-Bt variety. DAS-81419-2 soybeans containing two highly effective Bt proteins are expected to be a more robust IRM tool compared to single-trait Bt technologies. The consistent efficacy of DAS-81419-2 soybeans across years, locations, and crop stages suggests that it will be a valuable product for management of hard-to-control key lepidopteran pests in South American soybean production.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/farmacologia , Endotoxinas/farmacologia , Glycine max/genética , Proteínas Hemolisinas/farmacologia , Mariposas/efeitos dos fármacos , Controle Biológico de Vetores , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/genética , Animais , Bacillus thuringiensis/genética , Toxinas de Bacillus thuringiensis , Brasil , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Mariposas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Especificidade da EspécieAssuntos
Descrição de Cargo , Enfermeiros Clínicos/organização & administração , Profissionais de Enfermagem/organização & administração , Enfermagem Oncológica/organização & administração , Assistentes Médicos/organização & administração , Radioterapia (Especialidade) , Humanos , Licenciamento em Enfermagem , Enfermeiros Clínicos/educação , Profissionais de Enfermagem/educação , Enfermagem Oncológica/educação , Assistentes Médicos/educação , Autonomia Profissional , Radioterapia (Especialidade)/educação , Recursos HumanosRESUMO
It has been shown that oxidation at the alpha-carbon of N-(4-chloro-3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)-2-[p-[(alpha,alpha, alpha-trifluoro-p-tolyl)oxy]phenyl]acetamide (1) is conveniently brought about using dimethylformamide dimethylacetal to give N-(4-chloro-3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)-beta-(dimethylamino)-p-[(alpha, alpha,alpha-trifluoro-p-tolyl)oxy]atropamide (2), which has served as a common starting point for a variety of functional group transformations. These transformations were found to proceed in moderate to good yields to give derivatives of 1 that retained much of the efficacy associated with the parent amide and have allowed for an expansion of the SAR to be developed. Examples of enamines, enols, enol (thio)ethers, oximes, and hydrazones were prepared. In particular, the enamines derived from low molecular weight amines and amino acids were most active as broad-spectrum insecticides and were found to be even more active than 1 on root-knot nematode.
