Serum cholesterol changes from 1983-1984 to 1993-1994 in the People's Republic of China.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Increasing cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in the People's Republic of China (PRC) led to the 1981 establishment of the PRC-USA Study of Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Epidemiology which, among other objectives, is concerned with the correlates of CVD morbidity and mortality in Chinese populations among other objectives. This report describes changes in total cholesterol (TC) levels in four PRC populations from 1983 to 1993 and identifies factors related to the changes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Population screenings carried out in 1983-1984, 1987-1988 and 1993-1994 involved the collection of demographic data, specimens (including blood), medical history and physical examination data. The data from cohort and independent samples were used to assess TC changes in urban and rural men and women over the decade, with and without adjustment for age and body mass index (BMI) changes. For Guangzhou men and women, the cohort analyses (aged 35-54 at baseline) showed increases in TC of 10-20 mg/dL after adjustment for age and changes in BMI; the independent sample analyses (aged 35-44) also showed higher average TC levels in 1993-1994 than in 1983-1984. For the Beijing cohorts, the results showed decreases in TC during the decade in men, an increase in TC in urban women and no change in rural women; the independent sample analyses indicated declines in TC for Beijing men and women. Possible reasons for the Guangzhou TC increases are economic growth, and dietary and BMI changes. The mean age-adjusted BMI significantly increased (5-10%) over the 10-year period in all of the studied groups. CONCLUSIONS: TC increased 10-20 mg/dL in Guangzhou men and women, probably as a result of socioeconomic development during the decade. The inconsistent patterns of TC changes in Beijing require further study.

Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level as a predictor of cardiovascular disease mortality.

BACKGROUND: Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) contains all known and potential atherogenic lipid particles. Therefore, non-HDL-C level may be as good a potential predictor of risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). OBJECTIVES: To determine whether non-HDL-C level could be useful in predicting CVD mortality and to compare the predictive value of non-HDL-C and LDL-C levels. METHODS: Data are from the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-up Study, a mortality study with baseline data gathered from 1972 through 1976, and mortality ascertained through 1995. A total of 2406 men and 2056 women aged 40 to 64 years at entry were observed for an average of 19 years, with CVD death as the main outcome measure. RESULTS: A total of 234 CVD deaths in men and 113 CVD deaths in women occurred during follow-up. Levels of HDL-C and non-HDL-C at baseline were significant and strong predictors of CVD death in both sexes. In contrast, LDL-C level was a somewhat weaker predictor of CVD death in both. Differences of 0.78 mmol/L (30 mg/dL) in non-HDL-C and LDL-C levels corresponded to increases in CVD risk of 19% and 15%, respectively, in men. In women, differences of 0.78 mmol/L (30 mg/dL) in non-HDL-C and LDL-C levels corresponded to increases in CVD risk of 11% and 8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Non-HDL-C level is a somewhat better predictor of CVD mortality than LDL-C level. Screening for non-HDL-C level may be useful for CVD risk assessment.

Interrelationships among lipoprotein levels, sex hormones, anthropometric parameters, and age in hypogonadal men treated for 1 year with a permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system.

Serum lipoproteins and cardiovascular risk are affected by endogenous and exogenous sex hormones. As part of a multicenter evaluation of a permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system (TTD), the interrelationships among serum lipoproteins, hormone levels, anthropometric parameters, and age were investigated in 29 hypogonadal men. Subjects (aged 21-65 yr) were first studied during prior treatment with im testosterone esters (IM-T), then during an 8-week period of androgen withdrawal resulting in a hypogonadal state (HG), and finally during a 1-yr treatment period with the TTD. Compared with treatment with IM-T, the HG period produced increases in high density lipoprotein [HDL; 12.0 +/- 1.6% (+/-SEM); P<0.001] and total cholesterol (4.2 +/- 1.9%; P: = 0.02) and a decrease in the cholesterol/HDL ratio (-9.7 +/- 2.8%; P = 0.02). Compared with the HG period, TTD treatment produced decreases in HDL (-7.6 +/- 2.5%; P = 0.002) and increases in the cholesterol/HDL ratio (9.0 +/- 2.5%; P = 0.01) and triglycerides (20.7 +/- 6.4%; P: = 0.03). Small decreases in total cholesterol (-1.2 +/- 1.8%; P: = 0.1) and low density lipoprotein (-0.8 +/- 2.6%; P = 0.07) were also observed during TTD, but did not reach statistical significance. Likewise, there were no significant differences between the IM-T and TTD treatments. Serum HDL levels showed a strong negative correlation with body mass index and other obesity parameters in all three study periods (r < -0.45; P < 0.02). During treatment with TTD, serum testosterone levels also correlated negatively with body mass index (r = -0.621; P < 0.001). As a consequence of these relationships, a positive trend was observed between HDL and testosterone levels during TTD treatment (r = 0.336; P = 0.07). Interestingly, the changes in lipoprotein levels during TTD treatment indicated a more favorable profile (decrease in cholesterol and low density lipoprotein levels) with increasing age of the patients. In hypogonadal men the effects of transdermal testosterone replacement on serum lipoproteins appear consistent with the physiological effects of testosterone in eugonadal men.

Analytical and clinical performance of a detergent-based homogeneous LDL-cholesterol assay: a multicenter evaluation.

BACKGROUND: LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations currently are determined in most clinical laboratories using the Friedewald calculation. This approach has several limitations and may not always meet the current total error recommendation in LDL-C measurement of

Estimating the long-term effects of storage at -70 degrees C on cholesterol, triglyceride, and HDL-cholesterol measurements in stored sera.

We estimated the effects of long-term storage at -70 degrees C on serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides in specimens that had been stored for up to 7 years. These estimates were made using measurements in serial specimens collected from the placebo control group of the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study over a period of approximately 5 years. We compared the group means for pairs of serial specimens taken at 6- and 12-month intervals, assuming that (a) a negligible placebo effect occurred between the serial specimen pairs; (b) in the absence of storage effects, the variation in the group means would reflect only normal biological variation and would not materially affect the group means for the serial specimens; (c) any systematic changes in these group means would reflect storage-related changes; and (d) storage-related changes are cumulative, i.e., the overall changes for a given storage period are the sum of the changes during previous storage periods. We observed average decreases of 2.0% per year for total cholesterol over 7 years and 2.8% per year in triglycerides for the first 5 years. HDL-cholesterol decreased by 1.3% per year, but this change was not statistically significant. This approach may be useful for estimating storage-related changes for studies in specimens stored for a period of years and for which stability data may not be available.

Novel effects of the acyl-coenzyme A:Cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor 58-035 on foam cell development in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages.

We examined the effect of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors on intracellular cholesterol stores in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMMs) during foam cell formation. HMMs were exposed to acetylated low density lipoprotein (acLDL, 500 microg protein per mL) with or without 58-035 (1 to 10 microg/mL) or CI-976 (2 microg/mL) for 2 to 48 hours. Total cholesterol (TC) and esterified cholesterol (EC) mass was significantly lower while unesterified cholesterol (UC) increased slightly in cells incubated with acLDL plus ACAT inhibitors. Sterol mass was also measured in cells coincubated with acLDL (500 microg protein per mL) with or without 58-035 (2 microg/mL), high density lipoprotein (HDL, 400 microg protein per mL), or HDL+58-035 for 48 hours. TC and EC were 23% and 55% lower, respectively (P<0.0004), while UC was 11% higher (P<0.04) in cells incubated with acLDL plus 58-035. In contrast, coincubation with HDL alone did not significantly affect TC, EC, or UC mass compared with acLDL alone. The effect of 58-035 could not be explained by cytotoxicity, because adenine release, secreted lactate dehydrogenase, glucose utilization, and cell protein were similar in cells exposed to acLDL regardless of the presence of 58-035. We investigated several potential mechanisms for the decreased TC mass, including increased UC efflux and decreased acLDL binding and uptake. Efflux was measured in cells exposed to [1,2-(3)H]cholesteryl oleate-labeled acLDL, unlabeled control acLDL, and native untreated acLDL (500 microg protein per mL) with or without 58-035 (5 microg/mL) for 24 or 48 hours. UC efflux increased in a time-dependent manner from cells exposed to acLDL plus 58-035 compared with cells exposed to acLDL alone (P<0. 04). High-affinity binding was measured in cells exposed to (125)I-acLDL (5 microg protein per mL) with or without excess unlabeled acLDL (100 or 500 microg protein per mL) for 4 hours at 4 degrees C. Specific acLDL binding, uptake, and total degradation were significantly lower when 58-035 was present during cholesterol enrichment compared with cells exposed to acLDL alone (P<0.001). Unlike the effects of ACAT inhibitors on foam cell formation in rodent macrophages, these compounds lowered TC accumulation in HMMs during foam cell formation by limiting the uptake of acLDL and enhancing UC efflux. They may offer promise as drug therapies for atherosclerosis.

Comparison of the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) cohort with women with coronary disease from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III)

BACKGROUND: The Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) is the first large clinical trial designed to test the efficacy of postmenopausal estrogen/progestin therapy for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD). To examine the representativeness of the HERS cohort to the general population of postmenopausal women with CHD, we compared the baseline cardiovascular risk factor data from HERS with similar data from women presumed to have CHD from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III. METHODS: Age, race, and cardiovascular disease risk factors were compared in the 2763 postmenopausal women younger than 80 years old, with a uterus, and with documented CHD in HERS versus 145 similarly aged women with clinical or electrocardiographic evidence of CHD from phase I of NHANES III. RESULTS: There were fewer current smokers in HERS (13%) than in the NHANES cohort (21.7%, p = 0.05). Similarly, a history of hypertension was less prevalent in HERS (58.6%) than in the NHANES cohort (69.3%, p = 0.03). Women with fasting triglyceride levels >3.39 mmol/L or fasting glucose levels >16.6 mmol/L were excluded from HERS, resulting in fewer diabetics (22.9% vs 29.5%, p = 0.26) and lower serum triglyceride levels (1.88 mmol/L vs 2.25 mmol/L, p = 0.19) in HERS versus the NHANES cohort. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, physical activity, and total LDL and HDL cholesterol were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The HERS cohort had fewer CHD risk factors than women with myocardial infarction or angina in NHANES III, although comparison is hindered by differences in selection criteria. The many women with diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia in the NHANES cohort emphasizes the importance of testing strategies for secondary prevention of CHD in this high-risk subgroup.

Lipoprotein(A) and coronary heart disease risk factors in a racially mixed population: the Johns Hopkins Sibling Study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine if heart disease risk factors differentially affect lipoprotein(a) concentration by race, we assessed the association of lipoprotein(a) with heart disease risk factors in healthy Caucasians and African Americans with family histories of premature heart disease. METHODS: Participants (403 Caucasian and 148 African American), all less than 60 years old and free of heart disease, were recruited through a brother or sister diagnosed with coronary heart disease before age 60. Risk factor information was elicited through an interview and medical examination. RESULTS: As expected, lipoprotein(a) was significantly higher among African Americans than among Caucasians. Mean lipoprotein(a) concentrations were positively associated with smoking status and age, and negatively associated with hypertension in African Americans. Smokers had lipoprotein(a) levels 38% higher than nonsmokers. Conversely, lipoprotein(a) concentrations were unrelated to heart disease risk factors among Caucasians. CONCLUSION: While this study confirms that lipoprotein(a) concentration is independent of CHD risk factors in Caucasians, lipoprotein(a) appears to be related to several CHD risk factors in African Americans at high risk for premature heart disease. Given the high levels of lipoprotein(a) in people of African descent and lipoprotein(a)'s link to cardiovascular diseases, more research is needed to understand the relationship of lipoprotein(a) to heart disease risk factors and the subsequent disease in African-American populations.

Apolipoprotein B and AI distributions in the United States, 1988-1991: results of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III).

Serum apolipoproteins (apo) B and AI were measured in a probability sample of the noninstitutionalized US civilian population, ages > or = 4 years, which included non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican-Americans. Apo B concentrations were the same in males and females, lower in black males than in other males, low in childhood (approximately 0.80 g/L) and increasing to approximately 1.2 g/L in adults, and higher in younger women on hormones. Apo AI was higher in females than males, higher in blacks than in others, remained constant from childhood to adulthood (approximately 1.35 g/L) in males, but increased with age (approximately 1.30 g/L to approximately 1.55 g/L) in females, and was higher in women taking hormones. These are the first national probability estimates of apo B and apo AI in the US and are referable to the WHO-IFCC First International Reference Materials for apo AI and B.

Biological variation of lipids and lipoproteins in fingerstick blood.

The biological variability of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was determined in three serial (monthly) capillary and venous specimens from 83 subjects. The analytes were quantified with a desktop analyzer. We saw no differences in the coefficient of biological variability (CVb) between capillary and venous specimens for any analyte (TC, 5.2%; TG, 14.7%; HDL-C, 7.2%; LDL-C, 5.4%). The average analytical variability (CVa) for each analyte, determined in quality-control pools, was; TC, 5.0%; TG, 5.2%; HDL-C, 5.8%; and LDL-C, 7.5%. Compared with standardized laboratory measurements, the desktop analyzer exhibited a significant (P < 0.001) positive bias for all analytes (average bias: TC, 5%; TG, 16%; HDL-C, 6%; and LDL-C, 2.4%). Thus, the biological variation of lipids and lipoproteins was the same in fingerstick and venous samples, and the desktop analyzer showed inherently greater analytical variability.

The effect of fasting status on the determination of low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of a self-selected meal on concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in a screening setting and to determine the effect of using nonfasting values to classify individuals according to National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Study subjects were 115 employees who had previously participated in worksite total cholesterol screening, selected by stratified random sampling for sex and total cholesterol levels. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, and estimated LDL-C were determined before subjects ate a self-selected breakfast and 3 and 5 hours after eating it. RESULTS: LDL-C values determined 3 and 5 hours following breakfast were approximately 7% and 2.5% lower, respectively, than fasting values. Use of 3-hour and 5-hour LDL-C determinations to classify individuals with elevated fasting levels (> or = 3.36 mmol/L) resulted in false-negative rates of 20% and 14%, respectively. Three- and 5-hour HDL-C values were approximately 4% and 1.5% lower, respectively, than fasting levels. Use of 3-hour HDL-C values to classify individuals with low fasting levels (< 0.91 mmol/L) resulted in no false-negatives, whereas 1 of 7 individuals with low fasting HDL-C was misclassified when 5-hour values were used. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the 1993 National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines that LDL-C levels should be determined only in fasting persons, and that nonfasting HDL-C values may be acceptable for screening purposes.

Cell density can affect cholesteryl ester accumulation in the human THP-1 macrophage.

Esterified cholesterol (EC) accumulation was induced in THP-1 macrophages after exposure to acetylated LDL (acLDL), and the extent of accumulation was dependent on cell density. EC mass was 5-fold greater in cells plated at 1.0 x 10(6) cells/35 mm dish compared to cells plated at density 4.0 x 10(6) cells/dish. In addition, [14C]oleate incorporation into EC also increased with decreasing cell number, with 4-fold greater incorporation (6 h: 177 +/- 0.014 vs. 45 +/- 0.001 pmol/mg cell protein, P < 0.001; 24 h: 515 +/- 0.037 vs. 120 +/- 0.012 pmol/mg, P < 0.001) in cells plated less densely compared to cells plated at a higher density. The rate of 125I-labeled acLDL degradation was about 2-fold greater in cells plated at the lower density (105 vs. 60 ng/h per mg cell protein). Northern analysis showed a 2-fold reduction in the expression of human scavenger receptor mRNA in density plated cells, and immunoprecipitation also demonstrated a 2-fold decrease in scavenger receptor protein. Conditioned media did not differentially affect EC formation at either cell density. Fatty acid supplementation increased EC formation and the proportion of esterified sterol content only in cell plated at the higher density. The fatty acid effect was also seen when cells were exposed to beta-VLDL, which induced comparable levels of EC accumulation by non-scavenger receptor-mediated processes in densely plated cells. Foam cell formation in THP-1 macrophages may depend on cell density, which appears to affect both scavenger and non-scavenger receptor activity.

Measurement of apolipoproteins A-I and B during the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III.

We measured apolipoproteins (apo) A-I and B by rate immunonephelometry (rate INA) during Phase 1 of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III. We also made the measurements by radial immunodiffusion (RID) in a 20% subset of the samples. Aliquots of this subset were also analyzed in the Northwest Lipid Research Laboratories by fixed-time INA calibrated to the World Health Organization (WHO)-International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) First International Reference Materials for Apolipoproteins A-I and B. The CVs for the rate INA and RID measurements were: apoA-I, 4.5-7.7% and 2.5-7.6%, respectively; apoB, 2.3-5.3% and 2.3-6.4%, respectively. In NHANES III, rate INA values (x) can be transformed to WHO-IFCC Reference Material-based values (y) as follows: for apoA-I, y = 0.87x + 251.8 mg/L (r = 0.93, SEslope = 0.13, SEintercept = 17, n = 708); for apoB (mg/L), y = 1.068x + 112.8 mg/L (r = 0.98, SEslope = 0.08, SEintercept = 7, n = 646).

Lipoprotein alterations from a triphasic oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol and gestodene. A 12-month trial.

To evaluate the lipid and lipoprotein changes induced by a triphasic oral contraceptive (OC) containing ethinyl estradiol and gestodene, 25 healthy women from the Baltimore metropolitan area were enrolled in an open-label, noncomparative study. Serum lipids were measured prior to starting the OCs and again during the 3rd, 6th and 12th treatment cycles. Mean lipid concentrations in each treatment cycle were compared to baseline levels using the t test for paired samples. Small but statistically significant (P < or = .05) increases in the mean concentrations of total cholesterol, total triglycerides, total high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, HDL3 cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1 and apolipoprotein B were noted. Although the increases were statistically significant, the mean lipid concentrations were still within the normal range. The mean HDL2 and low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were unchanged, as was the mean total cholesterol/HDL ratio. Healthy women taking a triphasic OC containing ethinyl estradiol and gestodene have minimal changes in lipids and should not be at increased risk of atherosclerosis due to OC-induced lipid alterations.

Association of plasma triglyceride concentration and LDL particle diameter, density, and chemical composition with premature coronary artery disease in men and women.

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) physical-chemical characteristics were studied as nontraditional risk factors of coronary artery disease (CAD) in a well-characterized population of 98 men aged < or = 50 and 100 women aged < or = 60 who underwent elective diagnostic coronary arteriography. The average LDL diameter was determined by gradient gel electrophoresis, chemical composition (%w/w) was measured, and the density of the major LDL peak was determined by equilibrium density gradient ultracentrifugation. Logistic regression was used to examine the association of various LDL characteristics with CAD before and after adjustment for other covariates. Smaller, cholesterol-poor LDL particles were associated with CAD independently of traditional risk factors (age, sex, smoking, diabetes, LDL and HDL cholesterol concentrations), other than the plasma triglyceride concentration. These characteristics were generally more strongly associated with CAD when measured on the major LDL subfraction (defined as the density gradient ultracentrifugation fraction with the highest LDL concentration) than the average characteristics of the more heterogeneous parent LDL (d 1.019-1.063 g/ml). The associations with CAD among men and women were generally similar. These data show that a broad range of LDL characteristics are associated with CAD before, but not after, adjustment for the plasma triglyceride concentration. These data further indicate the importance of hypertriglyceridemia and LDL heterogeneity in premature CAD.