COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury patients treated with renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit: A multicenter study in São Paulo, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Multicenter studies involving patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with the disease caused by the new coronavirus (COVID-19) and treated with renal replacement therapy (RRT) in developing countries are scarce. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the demographic profile, clinical picture, risk factors for mortality, and outcomes of critically ill patients with AKI requiring dialysis (AKI-RRT) and with COVID-19 in the megalopolis of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective, observational study was conducted in the intensive care units of 13 public and private hospitals in the metropolitan region of the municipality of São Paulo. Patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit, aged ≥ 18 years, and treated with RRT due to COVID-19-associated AKI were included. RESULTS: The study group consisted of 375 patients (age 64.1 years, 68.8% male). Most (62.1%) had two or more comorbidities: 68.8%, arterial hypertension; 45.3%, diabetes; 36.3%, anemia; 30.9%, obesity; 18.7%, chronic kidney disease; 15.7%, coronary artery disease; 10.4%, heart failure; and 8.5%, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Death occurred in 72.5% of the study population (272 patients). Among the 103 survivors, 22.3% (23 patients) were discharged on RRT. In a multiple regression analysis, the independent factors associated with death were the number of organ dysfunctions at admission and RRT efficiency. CONCLUSION: AKI-RRT associated with COVID-19 occurred in patients with an elevated burden of comorbidities and was associated with high mortality (72.5%). The number of organ dysfunctions during hospitalization and RRT efficiency were independent factors associated with mortality. A meaningful portion of survivors was discharged while dependent on RRT (22.3%).

COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury patients treated with renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit: A multicenter study in São Paulo, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Multicenter studies involving patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with the disease caused by the new coronavirus (COVID-19) and treated with renal replacement therapy (RRT) in developing countries are scarce. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the demographic profile, clinical picture, risk factors for mortality, and outcomes of critically ill patients with AKI requiring dialysis (AKI-RRT) and with COVID-19 in the megalopolis of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective, observational study was conducted in the intensive care units of 13 public and private hospitals in the metropolitan region of the municipality of São Paulo. Patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit, aged ≥ 18 years, and treated with RRT due to COVID-19-associated AKI were included. RESULTS: The study group consisted of 375 patients (age 64.1 years, 68.8% male). Most (62.1%) had two or more comorbidities: 68.8%, arterial hypertension; 45.3%, diabetes; 36.3%, anemia; 30.9%, obesity; 18.7%, chronic kidney disease; 15.7%, coronary artery disease; 10.4%, heart failure; and 8.5%, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Death occurred in 72.5% of the study population (272 patients). Among the 103 survivors, 22.3% (23 patients) were discharged on RRT. In a multiple regression analysis, the independent factors associated with death were the number of organ dysfunctions at admission and RRT efficiency. CONCLUSION: AKI-RRT associated with COVID-19 occurred in patients with an elevated burden of comorbidities and was associated with high mortality (72.5%). The number of organ dysfunctions during hospitalization and RRT efficiency were independent factors associated with mortality. A meaningful portion of survivors was discharged while dependent on RRT (22.3%).

Lesão renal aguda no pós-operatório de cirurgias não cardíacas em pacientes com recuperação na unidade de terapia intensiva / Non-cardiac postoperative acute kidney injuryin patients requiring intensive care

Objetivo: Caracterizar os fatores de risco para lesão renal aguda em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias não cardíacas na unidade de terapia intensiva e sua influência na evolução clínica no pós-operatório. Métodos: Estudo clínico, prospectivo, observacional com 98 pacientes na unidade de terapia intensiva de pós-operatório do Hospital Servidor Público Estadual entre novembro de 2012 e fevereiro de 2013. As variáveis estudadas foram idade, sexo, risco pré-operatório, tipo de cirurgia e anestesia, comorbidades, necessidade de ventilação mecânica, drogas vasoativas, transfusão, diálise e sobrevida em 30 dias. O diagnóstico da lesão renal aguda foi estabelecido pelos critérios Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN). Na análise estatística, variáveis categóricas foram avaliadas pelo teste qui quadrado e níveis de p<0,05 foram considerados significantes. Resultados: Os pacientes apresentavam idade de 70,7±13,8 anos, 57,1% eram do sexo masculino e 88,8% estavam em pós-operatório de cirurgia eletiva. Desenvolveram lesão renal aguda 35 (35,7%) pacientes e, destes, 20 (59,2%) eram AKIN 1, (3) 8,6% AKIN 2 e 12 (34,2%) AKIN 3. Necessitaram de diálise 24 (68,57%) pacientes. Risco anestésico elevado nas cirurgias eletivas, intercorrências no intraoperatório e presença da doença renal crônica foram fatores que influenciaram no aparecimento da lesão renal aguda especialmente nos idosos. A mortalidade nos pacientes com lesão renal aguda foi 46% vs. 11% daqueles sem lesão renal aguda. Conclusão: A lesão renal aguda apresentou alta mortalidade em idosos submetidos à cirurgia eletiva com risco pré-operatório elevado e doença renal crônica prévia. É importante a identificação precoce destes fatores de risco e da lesão renal aguda nesses pacientes.

Objectives: To characterize risk factors for acute kidney injury in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgeries in Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and their influence on clinical outcomes postoperatively. Methods: Clinical, prospective, observational study of 98 patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit after surgery at Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual from November/2012 to February/2013. The variables studied were: age, gender, preoperative anesthetic risk, type of surgery and anesthesia, comorbidities, need for mechanical ventilation, use of vasoactive drugs, need for blood transfusion, renal replacement therapy (RRT) and survival at 30 days. The diagnosis of acute kidney injury has been established through the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria. At statistical analysis, categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square test and p levels <0.05 were considered significant. Results: Patients were 70.7 ± 13.8 years old; 57.1% were male, and 88.8% were in postoperative period of elective surgery. Thirty-five patients (35.7%) had an acute kidney injury, with 20 (59.2%) being AKIN1, 8.6% AKIN2 (3), and 12 (34.2%) AKIN3. High anesthetic risk in elective surgeries, complications during surgery, and the presence of chronic kidney disease were factors that influenced the onset of acute kidney injury, especially in the elderly. Mortality in patients with acute kidney injury was of 46%, versus 11% of those without acute kidney injury. Conclusion: Acute kidney injury showed high mortality in the elderly patients undergoing elective surgery with a high preoperative risk and previous chronic kidney disease. The early identification of these risk factors, as well as the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury in these patients is important.