Unveiling the Role of DMAP for the Se-Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation of Alcohols: A Mechanism Study.

Considering the remarkable catalytic activity (160 times higher) of Se/DMAP for the oxidative carbonylation of alcohols, unveiling the role of DMAP in catalysis is highly required. We investigated DFT calculations, and the proposed intermediates were verified with in situ ATR-FTIR analysis. DFT showed that the formation of [DMAP···HSe]δ-[DMAP(CO)OR]δ+ (IV) via nucleophilic substitution of DMAP at the carbonyl group of DMAP···HSe(CO)OR is the most energetically favorable. DMAP acts as both a nucleophile and a hydrogen bond acceptor, which is responsible for its remarkable activity.

Efficient Production of Adipic Acid by a Two-Step Catalytic Reaction of Biomass-Derived 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid.

Efficient catalytic ring-opening coupled with hydrogenation is a promising but challenging reaction for producing adipic acid (AA) from 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA). In this study, AA synthesis is carried out in two steps from FDCA via tetrahydrofuran-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (THFDCA) over a recyclable Ru/Al2 O3 and an ionic liquid, [MIM(CH2 )4 SO3 H]I (MIM=methylimidazolium) to deliver 99 % overall yield of AA. Ru/Al2 O3 is found to be an efficient catalyst for hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of FDCA to deliver THFDCA and 2-hydroxyadipic acid (HAA), respectively, where ruthenium is more economically viable than well-known palladium or rhodium hydrogenation catalysts. H2 chemisorption shows that the alumina phase strongly affects the interaction between Ru nanoparticles (NPs) and supports, resulting in materials with high dispersion and small size of Ru NPs, which in turn are responsible for the high conversion of FDCA. An ionic liquid system, [MIM(CH2 )4 SO3 H]I is applied to the hydrogenolysis of THFDCA for AA production. The [MIM(CH2 )4 SO3 H]I exhibits superior activity, enables simple product isolation with high purity, and reduces the severe corrosion problems caused by the conventional hydroiodic acid catalytic system.

Identification of the strong Brønsted acid site in a metal-organic framework solid acid catalyst.

It remains difficult to understand the surface of solid acid catalysts at the molecular level, despite their importance for industrial catalytic applications. A sulfated zirconium-based metal-organic framework, MOF-808-SO4, was previously shown to be a strong solid Brønsted acid material. In this report, we probe the origin of its acidity through an array of spectroscopic, crystallographic and computational characterization techniques. The strongest Brønsted acid site is shown to consist of a specific arrangement of adsorbed water and sulfate moieties on the zirconium clusters. When a water molecule adsorbs to one zirconium atom, it participates in a hydrogen bond with a sulfate moiety that is chelated to a neighbouring zirconium atom; this motif, in turn, results in the presence of a strongly acidic proton. On dehydration, the material loses its acidity. The hydrated sulfated MOF exhibits a good catalytic performance for the dimerization of isobutene (2-methyl-1-propene), and achieves a 100% selectivity for C8 products with a good conversion efficiency.

Bioinspired Metal-Organic Framework Catalysts for Selective Methane Oxidation to Methanol.

Particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) is an enzyme that oxidizes methane to methanol with high activity and selectivity. Limited success has been achieved in incorporating biologically relevant ligands for the formation of such active site in a synthetic system. Here, we report the design and synthesis of metal-organic framework (MOF) catalysts inspired by pMMO for selective methane oxidation to methanol. By judicious selection of a framework with appropriate topology and chemical functionality, MOF-808 was used to postsynthetically install ligands bearing imidazole units for subsequent metalation with Cu(I) in the presence of dioxygen. The catalysts show high selectivity for methane oxidation to methanol under isothermal conditions at 150 °C. Combined spectroscopies and density functional theory calculations suggest bis(µ-oxo) dicopper species as probable active site of the catalysts.

Copper Nanocrystals Encapsulated in Zr-based Metal-Organic Frameworks for Highly Selective CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol.

We show that the activity and selectivity of Cu catalyst can be promoted by a Zr-based metal-organic framework (MOF), Zr6O4(OH)4(BDC)6 (BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate), UiO-66, to have a strong interaction with Zr oxide [Zr6O4(OH)4(-CO2)12] secondary building units (SBUs) of the MOF for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. These interesting features are achieved by a catalyst composed of 18 nm single Cu nanocrystal (NC) encapsulated within single crystal UiO-66 (Cu⊂UiO-66). The performance of this catalyst construct exceeds the benchmark Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst and gives a steady 8-fold enhanced yield and 100% selectivity for methanol. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data obtained on the surface of the catalyst show that Zr 3d binding energy is shifted toward lower oxidation state in the presence of Cu NC, suggesting that there is a strong interaction between Cu NC and Zr oxide SBUs of the MOF to make a highly active Cu catalyst.

Radial alignment of c-channel nanorods in 3D porous TiO2 for eliciting enhanced Li storage performance.

A c-channel formed inside stacked (001) planes in rutile TiO2 exhibits the lowest energy barrier for Li migration. Based on this rationale, we proposed a three-dimensional TiO2 sphere comprised of radially assembled c-channel specialized nanorods in order to maximize Li storage.

A mesoporous carbon-supported Pt nanocatalyst for the conversion of lignocellulose to sugar alcohols.

The conversion of lignocellulose is a crucial topic in the renewable and sustainable chemical industry. However, cellulose from lignocellulose is not soluble in polar solvents, and is, therefore, difficult to convert into value-added chemicals. A strategy to overcome this drawback is the use of mesoporous carbon, which enhances the affinity between the cellulose and the catalyst through its abundant functional groups and large uniform pores. Herein, we report on the preparation of a Pt catalyst supported on a type of 3D mesoporous carbon inspired by Echinometra mathae (Pt/CNE) to enhance the interaction between the catalyst and a nonsoluble reactant. In the hydrolytic hydrogenation of cellulose, the abundant oxygen groups of CNE facilitated the access of cellulose to the surface of the catalyst, and the open pore structure permits cello-oligomers to effectively diffuse to the active sites inside the pore. The highly dispersed Pt performed dual roles: hydrolysis by in situ generating protons from H2 or water as well as effective hydrogenation. The use of the Pt/CNE catalyst resulted in an approximately 80 % yield of hexitol, the best performance reported to date. In direct conversion of hardwood powder, the Pt/CNE shows good performance in the production of sugar alcohols (23 % yield). We expect that the open-structured 3D carbon will be widely applied to the conversion of various lignocellulosic materials.

Quantification of electron transfer rates of different facets on single gold nanoparticles during catalytic reactions.

Rayleigh scattering spectra of high-index {730} elongated tetrahexahedral gold nanoparticles and low-index {100}, {110}, and {111} gold nanorods were collected in real time in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol. The high-index facets are capable of accepting electrons seven times faster and emitting electrons two-and-a-half times faster than low-index facets.

Mesoporous siliconiobium phosphate as a pure Brønsted acid catalyst with excellent performance for the dehydration of glycerol to acrolein.

The development of solid acid catalysts that contain a high density of Brønsted acid sites with suitable acidity, as well as a long lifetime, is one of great challenges for the efficient dehydration of glycerol to acrolein. Herein, we report on a mesoporous siliconiobium phosphate (NbPSi-0.5) composite, which is a promising solid Brønsted acid that is a potential candidate for such a high-performance catalyst. A variety of characterization results confirm that NbPSi-0.5 contains nearly pure Brønsted acid sites and has well-defined large mesopores. In addition, NbPSi-0.5 contains a similar amount of acid sites and exhibits weaker acidity than that of the highly acidic niobium phosphate and HZSM-5 zeolite. NbPSi-0.5 is quite stable and has a high activity for the dehydration of glycerol. The stability of NbPSi-0.5 is about three times higher than that of the reported catalyst. The significantly enhanced catalytic performance of NbPSi-0.5 can be attributed to 1) nearly pure Brønsted acidity, which suppresses side reactions that lead to coke formation; 2) a significant reduction of pore blocking due to the mesopores; and 3) a decrease in the amount and oxidation temperature of coke.