Trends and correlates of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization in Rwanda: results from the 2015 and 2020 Rwanda Demographic Health Survey (RDHS 2015 and 2020).

BACKGROUND: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is reported to be a public health issue given its magnitude and long-lasting consequences. Men are generally thought to be perpetrators of IPV, but they can also be victims. In Rwanda, the experience of men as victims has not yet been described and characterized. The aim of this study is to examine the trends and correlates of IPV victimization for men and women in Rwanda. METHODS: The data for this study were extracted from the Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey (RDHS) in 2014/15 (female: n = 8292, male: n = 3470) and 2019/2020 (female = 8574, male: n = 3590). The survey had used a structured measure of IPV (i.e. physical, sexual, or emotional) and its related demographic characteristics to collect data in a nationally representative sample of ever-married women aged 15-49 years and men aged 15-59 years. Multiple logistic regression was applied to examine the association between demographic characteristics and IPV in both women and men. RESULT: The prevalence of IPV among women increased from 40% in 2015 to 46% in 2020, while it decreased from 21 to 18% in men during the same time period. The associated factors for women IPV victimization in 2015 were: uneducated husband (Adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR) = 5.570, 95% CI 1.29-24.02), woman from the poorest household (AOR = 2.834, 95% CI 1.9-93.12), husband aged from 30 to 39 years (AOR = 2.797, 95% CI 1.517-5.158), husband consuming alcohol (AOR = 3.021, 95% CI 1.517-5.158); women involved in decisions about their own earnings (AOR = 0.576, 95% CI 0.37-0.88); and purchases (AOR = 0.472, 95% CI 0.27-0.82). However, the factors such as uneducated husbands (AOR = 3.032, 95% CI 1.117-8.24); husbands consuming alcohol (AOR = 1.712, 95% CI 2.408-4.486); a woman's involvement in decisions on her personal health (AOR = 0.443, 95% CI 0.30-0.63) and visits from her family or relatives (AOR = 0.405, 95% = 0.41-0.22) were factors of IPV in 2020. On the other hand, the associated factors for men IPV victimization in 2015 were being from richer wealth index (AOR = 0.21, 95% CI 0.04-1.04), frequency of being hit in last 12 months by other than partner (AOR = 5.49, 95% CI 1.65-18.25), woman often consuming alcohol (AOR = 13.30, 95% CI 1.9-93.12); whereas its associated factor in 2020 were women consuming alcohol (3.91, 95% CI 0.55-9.87). CONCLUSION: The present study revealed a significant increase in IPV against women, and slight decrease of IPV against men in Rwanda from 2015 to 2020, as well as its associated risks and protective factors over time. This increase needs further exploration given that government and partners have invested in policies and strategies to mitigate the IPV with limited impact. Since there is a relationship between IPV prevalence and education, the existing laws on domestic violence need to be known by the citizens. Findings from this study evidenced also visits from extended families to be a protective factor and therefore suggesting the necessity of a family and community-based approach in managing IPV in Rwanda. Future studies to assess the effectiveness of community-based approach in preventing IPV.

The prevalence of mental disorders among intimate partner violence exposed and non-exposed Rwandans: Findings from a national cross-sectional survey.

Despite mounting evidence indicating an increased risk of long-term mental disorders in Rwanda's general population, little is still known about the national prevalence of mental disorders among victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) in a post-conflict setting. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of mental disorders among IPV exposed and non-exposed individuals in Rwanda. This was a cross-sectional study based on secondary data from the 2018 Rwanda Mental Health Survey. The sample consisted 20,381 participants selected nationwide, from 7,124 households (age range: 14-65 years), of which 3,759 Rwandans were exposed to IPV (18.4%) and 16,622 were non-exposed to IPV (81.6%). Participants were screened for IPV exposure and common mental disorders, and data was analyzed using the SPSS version 25 software. The results showed that the rate of any mental disorder was substantially higher in the group exposed to IPV than the non-exposed, at 32.4% and 11.7% respectively. These results highlight that among Rwandans diagnosed with severe mental disorders, participants with a history of IPV exposure present with increased odds of mental disorders prevalence and severity. Therefore, people seeking mental health care should also be screened for their IPV exposure and offered appropriate interventions.

Intimate partner violence as a predictor of antenatal care services utilization in Rwanda.

BACKGROUND: Although compelling evidence shows that exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy is detrimental to both physical and mental health of the victims and their fetuses, studies on negative impact of IPV on antenatal care (ANC) services utilization are scarce. METHODS: The aim of the current study was to determine the impact of IPV exposure on ANC services utilization indicators such as (i) initiation of care within the first 3 months of pregnancy, (ii) receipt of at least four ANC visits and (iii) receipt of care from skilled providers among reproductive age women in Rwanda. This study used the data from the 2014-15 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of physical and sexual IPV on the ANC services utilization indicators. RESULTS: Among married women living with their partners with at least one child aged 5 years or under (N = 5116), 17% of them reported physical violence, 22.8% reported psychological violence and 9.2% reported sexual violence. We found that there was a significant negative relationship between physical IPV and both early ANC and sufficient ANC. Women who had experienced physical violence by their partners during the preceding 12 months were less likely to receive more than four ANC visits, (O.R = 0.61, CI = 0.417-0.908) and they were less likely to attend the first ANC visits within the first 3 months (O.R = 0.656, CI = 0.445-0.967). CONCLUSION: In this study, the prevalence of IPV still remains high and there is evidence that it does have significant impact on ANC. Therefore, the results provide support for continued efforts to reduce intimate partner violence, through the improvement of screening for IPV during ANC visits.

Parental Burnout Around the Globe: a 42-Country Study.

High levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both parents and children. It is not yet clear, however, whether parental burnout varies by culture, and if so, why it might do so. In this study, we examined the prevalence of parental burnout in 42 countries (17,409 parents; 71% mothers; Mage = 39.20) and showed that the prevalence of parental burnout varies dramatically across countries. Analyses of cultural values revealed that individualistic cultures, in particular, displayed a noticeably higher prevalence and mean level of parental burnout. Indeed, individualism plays a larger role in parental burnout than either economic inequalities across countries, or any other individual and family characteristic examined so far, including the number and age of children and the number of hours spent with them. These results suggest that cultural values in Western countries may put parents under heightened levels of stress. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-020-00028-4.

Parenting and parental burnout in Africa.

A recent initiative known as the International Investigation of Parental Burnout, sought to study the prevalence of parental burnout in over 40 countries globally using the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) instrument. Four countries investigated here provide a first insight into parental burnout in Africa, based on a pooled dataset of 738 parents (48.8% mothers) sampled from Burundi (n = 187; 25.3%), Cameroon (n = 208; 28.2%), Rwanda (n = 240; 32.5%), and Togo (n = 103; 14%). As a first step, we tested the content validity of the PBA that was developed and validated in Western countries. Second, we tested the relations between the PBA and several sociodemographic characteristics such as age, gender, and level of education. The results provide evidence that the concept of parental burnout makes sense for African parents, and that the PBA can be considered as a psychometrically sound instrument to measure it. However, the results also point to the need for further exploration of the nature of parental burnout in Africa. As in previous studies, low correlations between parental burnout and the sociodemographic characteristics were found. Finally, the current results suggest the existence of parenting subcultures across the four participating countries that would be interesting to document.