Gender differences in substance use and associated factors among urban refugees in Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol and other substances use related problems among refugees is a global public health concern. Although there is substantial research on the use of alcohol and other substances among the refugees, little is known about gender and other factors that might be associated with the use of alcohol and other substances. Our study aimed to assess the prevalence of alcohol and substance use across gender and other specific associated factors among urban refugees living in Mbarara city, Southwestern Uganda. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 343 refugees were interviewed on the use of alcohol and other substances using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test and the Drug Abuse Screening Test. The associated factors included, age, marital status, occupation, duration (length of stay) in Uganda, educational levels, stigma and depression. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the associations between the predictor and outcome variables. RESULTS: No significant gender difference in alcohol use was found, and the overall prevalence of hazardous, harmful or dependent alcohol use among our sample of refugees living in Mbarara city was 43%. There were however, statistically significant gender differences in the use of other substances, with a significantly higher percentage of men than women reporting intermediate, substantial, or severe substance use (45% among men, 37% among women). Higher levels of depression and being separated from one's spouse were associated with higher levels of alcohol and substance use. In addition, higher age and being male were associated with the use of substances other than alcohol. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate a high prevalence of problematic alcohol and substance use among both male and female refugees. Clinical interventions focused on the treatment and prevention of alcohol and substance use among the refugee communities may benefit from focusing on depressive symptoms as well.

Problematic use of alcohol and other substances was highly prevalent in both among male than female refugees.Problematic use of alcohol and other substances was associated with symptoms of depression.Interventions focused on the treatment of problematic use of alcohol and other substances may benefit from taking depressive symptoms into consideration.

The Role of Mass Media Campaigns in Improving Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Among Adolescents Living with HIV in Southwestern Uganda.

Background: Globally, about 1.8 million adolescents between the ages of 10 and 19 were living with HIV by close of 2021, of these, about 1.5 million were living in sub-Saharan Africa. This study explored the influence of mass media campaigns in promoting adherence to antiretroviral therapies among adolescents living with HIV in southwestern Uganda. Methods: We conducted a phenomenological qualitative study design that was adopted to explore the role of mass media campaigns on adherence to antiretroviral therapy among adolescents at the adolescents' HIV clinic Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. The FGDs were conducted in Runyankole-Rukiga, and they were transcribed verbatim and later translated to English. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: We conducted 7 Focus Group Discussions with adolescents living with HIV aged 10-19 years and 5 key informants' interviews with the health care providers. Results from the analysis were grouped into three broad themes: awareness of mass media HIV campaigns promoting adherence to ART, influence of mass media campaigns on adherence to antiretroviral therapy, and preferred mass media mode of delivery by adolescents' living with HIV. Participants preferred broadcast media channels and messages that featured success stories of people living with HIV. Conclusion: HIV mass media campaigns influence adherence to antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV. It is recommended that HIV-related media campaign designers consider the unique needs of adolescents while designing and airing out various media campaigns. This will influence their positive living and thus lead to their increased health life expectancy.

Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and the associated factors among children and adolescents with a history of maltreatment in Uganda.

Worldwide, children who grow up under adverse conditions risk the development of mental health problems. However, reliable data on the estimated magnitude of mental disorders of PTSD, depression and their associated factors among maltreated children and adolescents in low- and middle-income-countries (LMICs) is still lacking. This study estimated the magnitude of PTSD, depression and the associated factors among the children and adolescents with ahistory of maltreatment in Southwestern Uganda. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we assessed 232 children and adolescents on the prevalence of PTSD using Child PTSD Symptoms Scale for DSM-5 - Self-Report (CPSS-VSR) and Depression using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC). Predictor variables were taken from the Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure- Paediatric Version (Pedi MACE). Logistic regressions analyses were selected for statistical modelling while odds-ratios were calculated to assess the strength of associations between the predictor and outcome variables. Results: In total, 140 (60%) participants fulfiled diagnostic criteria for PTSD and 91 (39%) for depression respectively. Predictor variables of PTSD were witnessing intimate partner violence (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.19-1.83, p = <0.001), having lived in more than two homes (OR = 2.69, 95%CI: 1.34-5.41, p = .005), and being cared for by non-relatives (OR = 2.25; 95%CI: 2.26-223.9, p = .008). Variables predicting depression were witnessing intimate partner violence (OR = 1.30; 95%CI: 108-1.57, p = .006); being cared for by non-relatives (OR = 5.62, 95%CI: 1.36-23.1, p = .001) and being female (OR = .054, 95% CI: 0.30-1.00, p = .005). Conclusion: Children living under adverse conditions are at a higher risk of developing PTSD and depression. We recommend interventions that aim at reducing adverse psychosocial stressors so as to improve or restore the children's mental health.Abbreviations: PTSD: Post traumatic stress disorder; LMICs: Low- and middle-income countries; IPV: Intimate partner violence; OVC: Orphans and vulnerable children.

En todo el mundo, los niños que crecen en condiciones adversas corren el riesgo de desarrollar problemas de salud mental. Sin embargo, todavía faltan datos fiables sobre la estimación de la magnitud de los trastornos mentales de estrés postraumático (TEPT), la depresión y sus factores asociados entre los niños y adolescentes víctimas de maltrato en países de ingresos bajos y medios (PIBM). Este estudio estimó la magnitud del trastorno de estrés postraumático, la depresión y los factores asociados con estos trastornos entre los niños y adolescentes con antecedentes de maltrato en el suroeste de Uganda.Método: En este estudio transversal, evaluamos a 232 niños y adolescentes en edad escolar respecto a la prevalencia de TEPT utilizando la Escala de síntomas de TEPT infantil para el DSM-5 - Autoinforme (CPSS-VSR) y la depresión utilizando la Escala de depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos para Niños (CESDC). Las variables predictoras se tomaron de la Cronología de la Exposición al Maltrato y Abuso, versión pediátrica (Pedi MACE). Se seleccionaron análisis de regresión logística para el modelo estadístico, mientras que se calcularon las razones de probabilidad para evaluar la fuerza de las asociaciones entre las variables predictoras y resultantes.Resultados: En total, 140 (60%) participantes cumplieron los criterios de diagnóstico de TEPT y 91 (39%) de depresión, respectivamente. Las variables predictoras de TEPT fueron presenciar violencia de pareja (OR = 1,48, IC del 95%: 1,19 - 1,83, p = <0,001), haber vivido en más de dos hogares (OR = 2,69, IC del 95%: 1,34 ­ 5,41, p = 0,005), y ser atendido por no familiares (OR = 2,25; IC 95%: 2,26 - 223,9, p = 0,008). Las variables que predicen depresión fueron presenciar violencia de pareja (OR = 1,30; IC del 95%: 108­1,57, p = 0,006); estar al cuidado de no-familiares (OR = 5,62, IC 95%: 1,36-23,1, p = 0,001) y ser mujer (OR = 0,054, IC 95%: 0,30-1,00, p = 0,005).Conclusión: Los niños que viven en condiciones adversas, como la exposición a la violencia de la pareja y permanecer en varios hogares, tienen un mayor riesgo de desarrollar trastorno de estrés postraumático y depresión. Recomendamos intervenciones que tengan como objetivo reducir los estresores psicosociales adversos para mejorar o recuperar la salud mental de los niños.