RESUMO
Effective treatment of cancer requires understanding the nature of the disease and accurately addressing the main root causes. General risk factors for cancer include poor nutrition, an acidogenic diet, an unhealthy lifestyle, and exposure to carcinogens such as toxins, chemicals, and radiation. The risk of developing cancers may be reduced by sufficient oxygenation and maintaining optimal alkalinity and nutritional balance at the cell level. The review paper summarizes some diet and lifestyle modifications that may potentially be considered for preventing and controlling some cancers. Moreover, worldwide statistical data for cancer incidence rates published by International Agency for Research on Cancer are analyzed for certain cancers regionally, concerning the effect of dietary habits and environmental factors that meaningfully correlate with the global trends of cancer. The study of cancer root causes integrated with analyzing the statistics related to cancer incidence rates suggests that the risk of developing cancer may be reduced by modifying dietary habits and lifestyle factors, as well as reducing exposure to carcinogens. Those with healthy balanced dietary habits may have a lower cancer risk than those who frequently have unhealthy diets; hence, considering a balanced natural diet and healthy lifestyle may be suggested as a complementary or alternative solution in cancer treatments.
RESUMO
Spheroids are microtissues containing cells organized in a spherical shape whose diameter is usually less than a millimetre. Depending on the properties of the environment they are placed in, some nearby spheroids spontaneously fuse and generate a tissue. Given their potential to mimic features typical of body parts and their ability to assemble by fusing in permissive hydrogels, they have been used as building blocks to 3D bioprint human tissue parts. Parameters controlling the shape and size of a bioprinted tissue using fusing spheroid cultures include cell composition, hydrogel properties, and their relative initial position. Hence, simulating, anticipating, and then controlling the spheroid fusion process is essential to control the shape and size of the bioprinted tissue. This study presents the first physically-based framework to simulate the fusion process of bioprinted spheroids. The simulation is based on elastic-plastic solid and fluid continuum mechanics models. Both models use the 'smoothed particle hydrodynamics' method, which is based on discretizing the continuous medium into a finite number of particles and solving the differential equations related to the physical properties (e.g. Navier-Stokes equation) using a smoothing kernel function. To further investigate the effects of such parameters on spheroid shape and geometry, we performed sensitivity and morphological analysis to validate our simulations within-vitrospheroids. Through ourin-silicosimulations by changing the aforementioned parameters, we show that the proposed models appropriately simulate the range of the elastic-plastic behaviours ofin-vitrofusing spheroids to generate tissues of desired shapes and sizes. Altogether, this study presented a physically-based simulation that can provide a framework for monitoring and controlling the geometrical shape of spheroids, directly impacting future research using spheroids for tissue bioprinting.
