Correction to: Melatonin as an alternative sedation method during magnetic resonance imaging in preschool children with musculoskeletal problems.

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in preschool children is often challenging due to excessive motion artifacts. Sedation or general anesthesia (GA) are commonly used to prevent children from moving in the MRI scanner, with increased risk for cardiopulmonary complications and requirement for skilled personnel. Herein we investigated whether oral melatonin, a natural hormone implicated in circadian rhythm regulation, could be used as an alternative sedation method prior to the MRI in preschool children with musculoskeletal problems. Fifteen children with suspected juvenile idiopathic arthritis underwent a total of 16 MRI examinations following administration of 10 mg of oral melatonin; satisfactory images were obtained in all but one case, with no adverse events.Conclusion: The use of melatonin before the musculoskeletal MRI in preschool children is an effective, safe and inexpensive alternative to standard sedation and general anesthesia in preventing motion artifacts. What is known: • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a well-recognized diagnostic method to visualize synovial inflammation and changes of cartilage and bone in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.• MRI examination requires sedation or general anesthesia to ensure immobility in children who are uncooperative. What is new: • Additional to previous published studies we were able to show that melatonin for sedation for an MRI of joints, even without sleep deprivation, in the studied population may provide an alternative in children without behavioral problems, in order to avoid sedation/GA.

Melatonin as an alternative sedation method during magnetic resonance imaging in preschool children with musculoskeletal problems.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in preschool children is often challenging due to excessive motion artifacts. Sedation or general anesthesia (GA) is commonly used to prevent children from moving in the MRI scanner, with increased risk for cardiopulmonary complications and requirement for skilled personnel. Herein, we investigated whether oral melatonin, a natural hormone implicated in circadian rhythm regulation, could be used as an alternative sedation method prior to the MRI in preschool children with musculoskeletal problems. Fifteen children with suspected juvenile idiopathic arthritis underwent a total of 16 MRI examinations following administration of 10 mg of oral melatonin; satisfactory images were obtained in all but one case, with no adverse events. CONCLUSION: The use of melatonin before the musculoskeletal MRI in preschool children is an effective, safe, and inexpensive alternative to standard sedation and general anesthesia in preventing motion artifacts. What is Known: • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a well-recognized diagnostic method to visualize synovial inflammation and changes of cartilage and bone in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. • MRI examination requires sedation or general anesthesia to ensure immobility in children who are uncooperative. What is New: • Melatonin without sleep deprivation is efficacious and safe alternative to conventional sedation and general anesthesia before the musculoskeletal contrast-enhanced MRI in preschool children with JIA with timely insertion of intravenous cannula.

Has Ombrëdanne's method of hypospadic urethra reconstruction been ignored with reason?

From January 1970 to December 1979 inclusive, 193 boys (aged 2 to 16) underwent surgery for distal hypospadia using Ombredanne's method at the Department of Pediatric Surgery University Hospital Center Rijeka and at the Department of Pediatric Surgery Zagreb. Follow-up period was 7 to 20 years (mean 13.4). 20 (10.36%) subjects had post-operative organic complications and 15 (7.77%) of them required surgical correction. According to these findings, the success rate using Ombredanne's method of reconstruction of the hypospadic urethra in no way lags behind the success rate using MAGPI and Mathieu's methods as well as Preputial island flap urethroplasty for analogous cases. Out of 193 subjects who underwent surgery, 80 (41.45%) of those who were sexually mature and had normal psychosexual development were questioned. In this sample, 75 (93.75%) were satisfied with the post-operative appearance of the penis while only 5 (6.25%) were dissatisfied, 3 of which had hypoplastic penis. In 78 (97.50%) subjects questioned, the post-operative urinary squirt was normal and two of them had weak urinary squirt (2.50%), due to meatal stenosis. In conclusion, Ombredanne's method of reconstruction of the urethra in boys with distal hypospadia is equally successful as other methods used for this purpose.

Pediatric urolithiasis in Croatia.

A retrospective review was performed of the records of 148 Croatian children with urolithiasis treated between 1989 and 2003. The study evaluated age, gender, family history, clinical symptoms, location of stone, laboratory findings, stone composition, mode of treatment and compared our results with data from higher and lower socio-economic countries. The mean age of our patients was 9.38 years (10 months to 18 years). Thirty-seven children (25%) were less than 5 years (group 1), 44 (29.7%) were between 5 and 10 years (group 2) and 67 (45.3%) were older than 10 years of age (group 3). There were 60 girls and 88 boys with overall male to female ratio of 1.47. Abdominal pain (83%) and haematuria (59.5%) were the main symptoms in the groups 2 and 3. Urinary tract infection was predominant symptom in the group 1 (62.1%). Calculi were located in the kidney in 90 children (60.8%), in the ureter in 39 (26.4%), in the bladder in 8 (5.4%). Urinary tract anomalies with or without infection were associate with a greater frequency of urolithiasis in the youngest age group and hypercalciuria was predominant cause in children over 5. Stone analysis was performed in 80 children. Predominant constituent of stones was calcium oxalate (48.7%), followed by struvite (25%), calcium phosphate (13.7%), cystine (10%) and uric acid (1.2%). Calcium oxalate stones were most common in all age groups. Struvite stones were most prevalent in the children younger than 5 years of age. Most patients (33.1%) underwent surgery for removal of their calculi. In 31.8% of children stones were passed spontaneously and the highest spontaneous passage rate was in the group 3 (37.3%). Stone composition, location and etiology in Croatian children are similar to those in developed Western countries.