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1.
Infant Ment Health J ; 43(4): 533-545, 2022 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35675501

RESUMO

Anxiety problems are seen as early as 1-2 years of age. Among others, parenting and child temperament are considered as the most important factors affecting anxiety in early childhood. In the current study, the unique roles of parenting (maternal overprotectiveness and warmth) and temperament (behavioral inhibition and negative emotionality), parenting-temperament interactions, and mediating role of ambivalent attachment between behavioral inhibition and anxiety were investigated. One-hundred mother-child (18-36-month-old) dyads participated in this study. Children's anxiety and temperament were measured through mother-reported scales, attachment was measured by observation via home visits, and parenting dimensions were measured via both mother-reported scales and observation. The results revealed that behavioral inhibition and overprotectiveness were positively associated with toddlers' anxiety, whereas there were no significant direct associations of negative emotionality and warmth with anxiety. However, the interaction between behavioral inhibition and warmth predicted toddler's anxiety; that is, if behaviorally inhibited children had mothers who were low on warmth, those children were more likely to exhibit anxiety symptoms compared to children with low behavioral inhibition, whereas anxiety levels did not change for children of warm mothers. Ambivalent attachment mediated the relationship between behavioral inhibition and anxiety. The nature of parent-child interactions is discussed based on toddlerhood anxiety.


Los problemas de ansiedad ya se ven a la temprana edad de 1-2 años. Entre otros, se considera la crianza y el temperamento del niño como los más importantes factores que afectan la ansiedad en la temprana niñez. En el presente estudio se investigaron los roles distintivos de crianza (la sobreprotección y calidez maternas) y temperamento (inhibición de conducta y emocionalidad negativa), las interacciones crianza-temperamento y el rol mediador de la afectividad ambivalente entre inhibición de conducta y ansiedad. Cien díadas madre-niño (18-36 meses de edad) participaron en este estudio. Se midió la ansiedad y el temperamento de los niños por medio de escalas que las madres reportaron, se midió la afectividad por medio de observaciones en visitas a casa, y las dimensiones de crianza se midieron por medio tanto de escalas que las madres reportaron como la observación. Los resultados revelaron que la inhibición de conducta y la sobreprotección se asociaban positivamente con la ansiedad de los pequeños niños, mientras que no se dieron significativas asociaciones directas de la emocionalidad negativa y la calidez con la ansiedad. Sin embargo, la interacción entre la inhibición de conducta y la calidez predijeron la ansiedad de los niños pequeñitos; es decir, si los niños inhibidos en cuanto a conducta tenían madres que estaban a nivel bajo en cuanto a calidez, esos niños estaban más propensos a exhibir síntomas de ansiedad comparados con niños con bajos niveles de inhibición de conducta, mientras que los niveles de ansiedad no cambiaron para niños con madres de cálida acogida. La afectividad ambivalente medió la relación entre la inhibición de conducta y la ansiedad. Se discute la naturaleza de las interacciones progenitor-niño con base en la ansiedad en la primera infancia.


On voit des problèmes d'anxiété aussi tôt qu'à 1-2 ans d'âge. Entre plein d'autres facteurs, le parentage et le tempérament de l'enfant sont estimés être les facteurs les plus importants qui affectent l'anxiété dans la petite enfance. Dans cette étude les rôles uniques du parentage (surprotection maternelle et chaleur maternelle) et le tempérament (inhibition comportementale et émotivité négative), les interactions parentage-tempérament, le rôle médiateur de l'attachement ambivalent entre l'inhibition comportementale et l'anxiété ont fait l'objet des recherches. Cent dyades mère-enfant (18-36 mois d'âge) ont participé à cette étude. L'anxiété et le tempérament des enfants ont été mesurés au travers d'échelles rapportées par la mère et l'attachement a été mesuré par observation au travers de visites à domicile. Les dimensions parentales ont été mesurées au travers d'à la fois les échelles rapportées par la mère et l'observation. Les résultats ont révélé que l'inhibition comportementale et la surprotection sont liées de manière positive à l'anxiété du petit enfant, alors qu'il n'y a pas de lien direct avec l'anxiété pour l'émotivité négative et la chaleur. Cependant l'interaction entre l'inhibition comportementale et la chaleur a prédit l'anxiété du petit enfant. En fait, si les enfants inhibés du point de vue comportemental avaient des mères n'étant pas chaleureuses, ces enfants avaient plus tendance à faire preuve de symptômes d'anxiété que les enfants avec une inhibition comportementale plus basse, alors que les niveaux d'anxiété n'ont pas changé pour les enfants avec des mères chaleureuses. L'attachement ambivalent a médiatisé la relation entre l'inhibition comportementale et l'anxiété. La nature des interactions parent-enfant est discutée basée sur l'anxiété du petit enfant.


Assuntos
Poder Familiar , Temperamento , Ansiedade , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Relações Mãe-Filho , Mães , Relações Pais-Filho , Temperamento/fisiologia
2.
Sleep Med ; 90: 109-116, 2022 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35149288

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: The findings regarding the association between prematurity, sleep problems, and maternal psychological well-being are mixed. This study examined preterm- and term-born infants' sleep patterns, ecology, and problems, in addition to the associations of these patterns with maternal parenting stress and depressive symptomatology. METHODS: In total, 84 mothers of infants between 6 and 17 months of corrected age, in which 40 were preterm infants and 44 were healthy full-term infants, participated in the study. Children's sleep was evaluated by the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire. Maternal depressive symptoms were screened by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Maternal parenting stress was measured via the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form. RESULTS: In preterm infants, lower total and nocturnal sleep duration and later falling asleep time were identified compared to term infants. Regarding sleep ecology, the percentages of poor sleepers, mother's perception of child's and her own sleep problems were similar in both groups. While the most common method of falling asleep was 'rocking the baby' in the preterm group, it was 'breastfeeding' in the term group. In both groups, the maternal perception of sleep problems positively predicted maternal parenting stress. Lastly, compared to good sleepers, higher maternal parenting stress, higher maternal perception of mother's and child's sleep problems, and lower infants' age were identified among poor sleepers. CONCLUSIONS: Despite many similarities in the sleep characteristics of preterm and term infants, several differences in sleep patterns and sleep ecology of preterm infants were identified. Since the maternal perception of sleep problems was found to predict parenting stress, guidance on infant sleep is suggested to support families.


Assuntos
Depressão , Poder Familiar , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro/psicologia , Mães/psicologia , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Sono , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia
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