Analysis of energy consumption and change structure in major economic sectors of Pakistan.

Studying and analyzing energy consumption and structural changes in Pakistan's major economic sectors is crucial for developing targeted strategies to improve energy efficiency, support sustainable economic growth, and enhance energy security. The logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method is applied to find the factors' effects that change sector-wise energy consumption from 1990 to 2019. The results show that: (1) the change in mixed energy and sectorial income shows a negative influence, while energy intensity (EI) and population have an increasing trend over the study period. (2) The EI effects of the industrial, agriculture and transport sectors are continuously rising, which is lowering the income potential of each sector. (3) The cumulative values for the industrial, agricultural, and transport sectors increased by 57.3, 5.3, and 79.7 during 2019. Finally, predicted outcomes show that until 2035, the industrial, agriculture, and transport incomes would change by -0.97%, 13%, and 65% if the energy situation remained the same. Moreover, this sector effect is the most crucial contributor to increasing or decreasing energy consumption, and the EI effect plays the dominant role in boosting economic output. Renewable energy technologies and indigenous energy sources can be used to conserve energy and sectorial productivity.

Droplet microarray platforms for high-throughput drug screening.

High-throughput screening platforms are fundamental for the rapid and efficient processing of large amounts of experimental data. Parallelization and miniaturization of experiments are important for improving their cost-effectiveness. The development of miniaturized high-throughput screening platforms is essential in the fields of biotechnology, medicine, and pharmacology. Currently, most laboratories use 96- or 384-well microtiter plates for screening; however, they have disadvantages, such as high reagent and cell consumption, low throughput, and inability to avoid cross-contamination, which need to be further optimized. Droplet microarrays, as novel screening platforms, can effectively avoid these shortcomings. Here, the preparation method of the droplet microarray, method of adding compounds in parallel, and means to read the results are briefly described. Next, the latest research on droplet microarray platforms in biomedicine is presented, including their application in high-throughput culture, cell screening, high-throughput nucleic acid screening, drug development, and individualized medicine. Finally, the challenges and future trends in droplet microarray technology are summarized.

Paper-Based Fluidic Sensing Platforms for ß-Adrenergic Agonist Residue Point-of-Care Testing.

The illegal use of ß-adrenergic agonists during livestock growth poses a threat to public health; the long-term intake of this medication can cause serious physiological side effects and even death. Therefore, rapid detection methods for ß-adrenergic agonist residues on-site are required. Traditional detection methods such as liquid chromatography have limitations in terms of expensive instruments and complex operations. In contrast, paper methods are low cost, ubiquitous, and portable, which has led to them becoming the preferred detection method in recent years. Various paper-based fluidic devices have been developed to detect ß-adrenergic agonist residues, including lateral flow immunoassays (LFAs) and microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs). In this review, the application of LFAs for the detection of ß-agonists is summarized comprehensively, focusing on the latest advances in novel labeling and detection strategies. The use of µPADs as an analytical platform has attracted interest over the past decade due to their unique advantages and application for detecting ß-adrenergic agonists, which are introduced here. Vertical flow immunoassays are also discussed for their shorter assay time and stronger multiplexing capabilities compared with LFAs. Furthermore, the development direction and prospects for the commercialization of paper-based devices are considered, shedding light on the development of point-of-care testing devices for ß-adrenergic agonist residue detection.

Multimodal Imaging-Guided Spatiotemporal Tracking of Photosensitive Stem Cells for Breast Cancer Treatment.

Stem cell therapy has shown great potential in treating a wide range of diseases including cancer. The real-time tracking of stem cells with high spatiotemporal resolution and stable imaging signals remains the bottleneck to evaluate and monitor therapeutic outcomes once transplanted into patients. Here, we developed a photosensitive mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) loaded with mesoporous silica-coated gold nanostars (MGNSs) integrated with indocyanine green for spatiotemporal tracking and imaging-guided photothermal therapy (PTT) in treating breast cancers. The MGNS served as a stable imaging probe with multifunctional properties for photoacoustic imaging (PAI), fluorescence imaging, and PT imaging. Owing to the excellent PT stability of MGNSs, long-term three-dimensional (3D) PAI was achieved to monitor stem cells in real time at the tumor site, while the tumor structure was imaged using 3D B-mode ultrasound imaging. PAI revealed that the photosensitive stem cells reached the widest distribution area at the tumor site post 24 h of intratumoral injection, which was further confirmed via two-dimensional (2D) PT and fluorescence imaging. With this optimal cell distribution window, in vivo studies showed that the photosensitive stem cells via both intratumoral and intravenous injections successfully inhibited breast cancer cell growth and decreased the tumor recurrence rate post PTT. Our results support that this photo-integrated platform with stable optical properties is promising to achieve real-time tracking and measure the cell distribution quantitatively with high spatiotemporal resolution for stem cell therapy.

Programmable ROS-Mediated Cancer Therapy via Magneto-Inductions.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a group of oxygen derived radicals and derivatives, can induce cancer cell death via elevated oxidative stress. A spatiotemporal approach with safe and deep-tissue penetration capabilities to elevate the intracellular ROS level is highly desirable for precise cancer treatment. Here, a mechanical-thermal induction therapy (MTIT) strategy is developed for a programmable increase of ROS levels in cancer cells via assembly of magnetic nanocubes integrated with alternating magnetic fields. The magneto-based mechanical and thermal stimuli can disrupt the lysosomes, which sequentially induce the dysfunction of mitochondria. Importantly, intracellular ROS concentrations are responsive to the magneto-triggers and play a key role for synergistic cancer treatment. In vivo experiments reveal the effectiveness of MTIT for efficient eradication of glioma and breast cancer. By remote control of the force and heat using magnetic nanocubes, MTIT is a promising physical approach to trigger the biochemical responses for precise cancer treatment.

A Light-Triggered Mesenchymal Stem Cell Delivery System for Photoacoustic Imaging and Chemo-Photothermal Therapy of Triple Negative Breast Cancer.

Targeted therapy is highly challenging and urgently needed for patients diagnosed with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Here, a synergistic treatment platform with plasmonic-magnetic hybrid nanoparticle (lipids, doxorubicin (DOX), gold nanorods, iron oxide nanocluster (LDGI))-loaded mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for photoacoustic imaging, targeted photothermal therapy, and chemotherapy for TNBC is developed. LDGI can be efficiently taken up into the stem cells with good biocompatibility to maintain the cellular functions. In addition, CXCR4 on the MSCs is upregulated by iron oxide nanoparticles in the LDGI. Importantly, the drug release and photothermal therapy can be simultaneously achieved upon light irradiation. The released drug can enter the cell nucleus and promote cell apoptosis. Interestingly, light irradiation can control the secretion of cellular microvehicles carrying LDGI for targeted treatment. A remarkable in vitro anticancer effect is observed in MDA-MB-231 with near-infrared laser irradiation. In vivo studies show that the MSCs-LDGI has the enhanced migration and penetration abilities in the tumor area via both intratumoral and intravenous injection approaches compared with LDGI. Subsequently, MSCs-LDGI shows the best antitumor efficacy via chemo-photothermal therapy compared to other treatment groups in the TNBC model of nude mice. Thus, MSCs-LDGI multifunctional system represents greatly synergistic potential for cancer treatment.