Tumor Subtype Classification Tool for HPV-associated Head and Neck Cancers.

Importance: Molecular subtypes of HPV-associated Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC), named IMU (immune strong) and KRT (highly keratinized), are well-recognized and have been shown to have distinct mechanisms of carcinogenesis, clinical outcomes, and potentially differing optimal treatment strategies. Currently, no standardized method exists to subtype a new HPV+ HNSCC tumor. Our paper introduces a machine learning-based classifier and webtool to reliably subtype HPV+ HNSCC tumors using the IMU/KRT paradigm and highlights the importance of subtype in HPV+ HNSCC. Objective: To develop a robust, accurate machine learning-based classification tool that standardizes the process of subtyping HPV+ HNSCC, and to investigate the clinical, demographic, and molecular features associated with subtype in a meta-analysis of four patient cohorts. Data Sources: We conducted RNA-seq on 67 HNSCC FFPE blocks from University of Michigan hospital. Combining this with three publicly available datasets, we utilized a total of 229 HPV+ HNSCC RNA-seq samples. All participants were HPV+ according to RNA expression. An ensemble machine learning approach with five algorithms and three different input training gene sets were developed, with final subtype determined by majority vote. Several additional steps were taken to ensure rigor and reproducibility throughout. Study Selection: The classifier was trained and tested using 84 subtype-labeled HPV+ RNA-seq samples from two cohorts: University of Michigan (UM; n=18) and TCGA-HNC (n=66). The classifier robustness was validated with two independent cohorts: 83 samples from the HPV Virome Consortium and 62 additional samples from UM. We revealed 24 of 39 tested clinicodemographic and molecular variables significantly associated with subtype. Results: The classifier achieved 100% accuracy in the test set. Validation on two additional cohorts demonstrated successful separation by known features of the subtypes. Investigating the relationship between subtype and 39 molecular and clinicodemographic variables revealed IMU is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (p=2.25×10 -04 ), various immune cell types, and lower radiation resistance (p=0.0050), while KRT is more highly keratinized (p=2.53×10 -08 ), and more likely female than IMU (p=0.0082). Conclusions and Relevance: This study provides a reliable classifier for subtyping HPV+ HNSCC tumors as either IMU or KRT based on bulk RNA-seq data, and additionally, improves our understanding of the HPV+ HNSCC subtypes.

Diagnosis of superficial endometriosis on transvaginal ultrasound by visualization of peritoneum of pouch of Douglas.

OBJECTIVE: Around 80% of women with endometriosis have superficial endometriosis (SE) rather than ovarian or deep endometriosis (DE). However, to date, advances in non-invasive, imaging-based diagnosis have been limited to DE or ovarian disease. The objective of this study was to determine whether we can detect SE on transvaginal ultrasound scan (TVS) by assessing the peritoneum of the pouch of Douglas (POD). METHODS: This was a retrospective diagnostic test study following a change in practice to include POD peritoneum assessment for SE during TVS at a tertiary London hospital. Eligible patients underwent TVS by a single clinician trained in endometriosis scanning and a subsequent surgical procedure (laparoscopy) between April 2018 and September 2021. Participants formed a consecutive series. The TVS findings were compared with those of laparoscopy as the gold standard. Comparison of TVS findings with intraoperative findings was performed by calculating the diagnostic test performance measures (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and positive and negative likelihood ratios). RESULTS: The study included a total of 100 patients. We found that 43/100 (43.0%) patients had no endometriosis, 33/100 (33.0%) had SE and 24/100 (24.0%) had DE on laparoscopy. SE was correctly detected on TVS in 17/33 patients, with a sensitivity of 51.5% (95% CI, 33.5-69.2%), specificity of 94.0% (95% CI, 85.4-98.4%), PPV of 81.0% (95% CI, 60.8-92.1%) and NPV of 79.7% (95% CI, 73.4-84.9%). DE was correctly diagnosed in 20/24 cases, including all ovarian cases, with a sensitivity of 83.3% (95% CI, 62.3-95.3%), specificity of 97.4% (95% CI, 90.8-99.7%), PPV of 90.9% (95% CI, 71.6-97.5%) and NPV of 94.9% (95% CI, 88.3-97.8%). The detection of SE on TVS was most accurate in the POD (sensitivity, 50.0%; specificity, 96.4%; PPV, 76.9%; NPV, 88.9%). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the detection of SE in the POD is possible using routine TVS. While negative TVS does not reliably confirm the absence of disease or replace diagnostic laparoscopy, positive TVS facilitates non-invasive diagnosis for a much larger group of women than was previously possible. This should help to reduce the time from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis and enable initiation of medical treatment without the risk, cost and delay associated with a surgical diagnosis. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

A Report on the Innovative University of Colorado Community Hospice and Palliative Medicine Fellowship.

Background: Predictive health services modeling signals a shortage of board-certified Hospice and Palliative Medicine (HPM) physicians. Methods: This article introduces the Community Hospice and Palliative Medicine (CHPM) Fellowship, an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Advancing Innovation in Residency Education (AIRE) project designed to enable mid-career physicians (at least five years out from residency or fellowship) to achieve eligibility for board certification in HPM. Results: From 2020 to 2023, 24 fellows have completed or are currently participating in the CHPM fellowship which is evaluated using the Kirkpatrick model. Conclusion: This program shows promise in addressing the impending HPM workforce shortage by allowing physicians to complete a fellowship in their local communities.

Whole-genome CpG-resolution DNA Methylation Profiling of HNSCC Reveals Distinct Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis for Fine-scale HPV+ Cancer Subtypes.

DNA methylation is a vital early step in carcinogenesis. Most findings of aberrant DNA methylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are array based with limited coverage and resolution, and mainly explored by human papillomavirus (HPV) status, ignoring the high heterogeneity of this disease. In this study, we performed whole-genome bisulfite sequencing on a well-studied HNSCC cohort (n = 36) and investigated the methylation changes between fine-scaled HNSCC subtypes in relation to genomic instability, repetitive elements, gene expression, and key carcinogenic pathways. The previously observed hypermethylation phenotype in HPV-positive (HPV+) tumors compared with HPV-negative tumors was robustly present in the immune-strong (IMU) HPV+ subtype but absent in the highly keratinized (KRT) HPV+ subtype. Methylation levels of IMU tumors were significantly higher in repetitive elements, and methylation showed a significant correlation with genomic stability, consistent with the IMU subtype having more genomic stability and better prognosis. Expression quantitative trait methylation (cis-eQTM) analysis revealed extensive functionally-relevant differences, and differential methylation pathway analysis recapitulated gene expression pathway differences between subtypes. Consistent with their characteristics, KRT and HPV-negative tumors had high regulatory potential for multiple regulators of keratinocyte differentiation, which positively correlated with an expression-based keratinization score. Together, our findings revealed distinct mechanisms of carcinogenesis between subtypes in HPV+ HNSCC and uncovered previously ignored epigenomic differences and clinical implications, illustrating the importance of fine-scale subtype analysis in cancer. Significance: This study revealed that the previously observed hypermethylation of HPV(+) HNSCC is due solely to the IMU subtype, illustrating the importance of fine-scale subtype analysis in such a heterogeneous disease. Particularly, IMU has significantly higher methylation of transposable elements, which can be tested as a prognosis biomarker in future translational studies.

Understanding the Relationships Between Health Care Providers' Moral Distress and Patients' Quality of Death.

Introduction: Moral distress is a commonly recognized phenomenon among health care providers; however, the experience of moral distress by staff caring for patients who die during an acute care hospital stay has not been previously examined. It also remains unclear how the quality of a death may impact moral distress among these providers. Objectives: We sought to understand levels of moral distress experienced by intern physicians and nurses who provided care during a patient's final 48 hours of life, and how the perceived quality of death impacted moral distress. Materials and Methods: We utilized a mixed-method prospective cohort design, surveying nurses and interns following inpatient hospital deaths at an academic safety-net hospital in the United States. Participants completed surveys and answered open-ended questions to evaluate moral distress and the quality of the patient's death. Results: A total of 126 surveys were sent to nurses and interns caring for 35 patients who died, with 46 surveys completed. Overall moderate-to-high levels of moral distress were identified among participants, and we found that higher levels of moral distress correlated with lower perceived quality of death. We identified five themes in our qualitative analysis highlighting the challenges nurses and interns face in end-of-life care, including the following: poor communication, unexpected deaths, patient suffering, resource limitations, and failure to prioritize a patient's wishes or best interests. Conclusions: Nurses and interns experience moderate-to-high levels of moral distress when caring for dying patients. Lower quality of end-of-life care is associated with higher levels of moral distress.

Microfluidic Digital Quantitative PCR to Measure Internal Cargo of Individual Liposomes.

Lipid nanoparticles serve as drug delivery vehicles for biopharmaceutical products. The lipid membrane shields internal nucleic-acid drug cargo from enzymatic degradation and facilitates cellular uptake of the drug. However, existing methods to assess drug loading within liposomes are limited to averaged bulk measurements, which obscures heterogeneity of the biopharmaceutical formulation. This report describes the development of a single-liposome analysis method to measure copy numbers of DNA within liposomes and assess population heterogeneity. This novel measurement was achieved by integrating two orthogonal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques─digital PCR (dPCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR)─within a single microfluidic assay. The dPCR dimension quantified liposomes to validate their capture in the single-liposome analysis regime. The qPCR dimension quantified DNA copy numbers packaged within each liposome. The ability of digital quantitative PCR (dqPCR) to analyze large numbers of individual liposomes in parallel revealed significant population heterogeneity, which could not be obtained from standard bulk analysis methods. Our innovative measurement of internal DNA cargo from single liposomes has the potential to inform liposome synthesis procedures and create more uniform liposomal biopharmaceutical formulations to enhance drug safety and efficacy.

Mid-Career Training to Advance Palliative Care.

The demand for specialist palliative medicine physicians, advanced practice providers, and other team members outstrips supply. Traditional paths to specialty practice will not meet projected need. Therefore, innovation and research are required. One innovation is the training of midcareer professionals; those who have been in practice and want to change to palliative care. Barriers to leaving practice and returning to traditional training are high; not the least of which is the opportunity cost. In this roundtable, experts discuss what they have learned from current research, and point the way to additional needed research.

Environment in the lung of cystic fibrosis patients stimulates the expression of biofilm phenotype in Mycobacterium abscessus.

Introduction. Pulmonary infections caused by organisms of the Mycobacterium abscessus complex are increasingly prevalent in populations at risk, such as patients with cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis and emphysema.Hypothesis. M. abscessus infection of the lung is not observed in immunocompetent individuals, which raises the possibility that the compromised lung environment is a suitable niche for the pathogen to thrive in due to the overproduction of mucus and high amounts of host cell lysis.Aim. Evaluate the ability of M. abscessus to form biofilm and grow utilizing in vitro conditions as seen in immunocompromised lungs of patients.Methodology. We compared biofilm formation and protein composition in the presence and absence of synthetic cystic fibrosis medium (SCFM) and evaluated the bacterial growth when exposed to human DNA.Results. M. abscessus is capable of forming biofilm in SCFM. By eliminating single components found in the medium, it became clear that magnesium works as a signal for the biofilm formation, and chelation of the divalent cations resulted in the suppression of biofilm formation. Investigation of the specific proteins expressed in the presence of SCFM and in the presence of SCFM lacking magnesium revealed many different proteins between the conditions. M. abscessus also exhibited growth in SCFM and in the presence of host cell DNA, although the mechanism of DNA utilization remains unclear.Conclusions. In vitro conditions mimicking the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis appear to facilitate M. abscessus establishment of infection, and elimination of magnesium from the environment may affect the ability of the pathogen to establish infection.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) Microaggregate induction of host innate immunity is linked to biofilm formation.

Bacterial aggregation is a strategy employed by many pathogens to establish infection. Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) undergoes a phenotypic change, microaggregation, when exposed to the respiratory epithelium. We therefore compared how non-aggregated bacteria, or planktonic, and microaggregated MAH can establish lung infections by evaluating mucosal epithelial cell and phagocytic cell responses. It was determined that human mucosal lung epithelial cells recognition of MAH occurs through toll-like receptors 1 and 2. MAPK 1/3 is phosphorylated at 30 min post infection, and active at the transcriptional level 2 h post infection for both phenotypes. Microaggregate infected BEAS-2B cells up-regulated CCL5, IL-1ß, and TNF-α cDNA, while planktonic infected cells only up-regulated IL-1ß cDNA at 2 h post infection. Microaggregates are associated with increased uptake by macrophages after 1 h compared to planktonic bacteria (8.83% vs. 5.00%, P < 0.05). In addition, the microaggregate phenotype, when internalized by macrophages, had reduced growth compared to planktonic bacteria, which increased when the host cells were exposed to microaggregate supernatant, obtained from the incubation of MAH with HEp-2 cells. Moreover, microaggregate supernatant stimulated biofilm formation by planktonic and microaggregated bacteria. Microaggregate supernatant also induces the production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which was suppressed following MAH infection. The results suggest that epithelial recognition occurs during MAH infection, and the microaggregate phenotype stimulates an inflammatory response. The initial bacterial interaction with the mucosal epithelium and development of the microaggregate phenotype has a role in pathogenesis, allowing for more robust biofilm formation and infection establishment.

Comparison of Two Methods for Implementing Comfort Care Order Sets in the Inpatient Setting: a Cluster Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: There is an ongoing need for interventions to improve quality of end-of-life care for patients in inpatient settings. OBJECTIVE: To compare two methods for implementing a Comfort Care Education Intervention for Palliative Care Consultation Teams (PCCT) in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs). DESIGN: Cluster randomized implementation trial conducted March 2015-April 2019. PCCTs were assigned to a traditional implementation approach using a teleconference or to an in-person, train-the-champion workshop to prepare PCCTs to be clinical champions at their home sites. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred thirty-two providers from PCCTs at 47 VAMCs. INTERVENTIONS: Both training modalities involved review of educational materials, instruction on using an electronic Comfort Care Order Set, and coaching to deliver the intervention to other providers. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Several processes of care were identified a priori as quality endpoints for end-of-life care (last 7 days) and abstracted from medical records of veterans who died within 9 months before or after implementation (n = 6,491). The primary endpoint was the presence of an active order for opioid medication at time of death. Secondary endpoints were orders/administration of antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, and scopolamine, do-not-resuscitate orders, advance directives, locations of death, palliative care consultations, nasogastric tubes, intravenous lines, physical restraints, pastoral care visits, and family presence at/near time of death. Generalized estimating equations were conducted adjusting for potential covariates. KEY RESULTS: Eighty-eight providers from 23 VAMCs received teleconference training; 44 providers from 23 VAMCs received in-person workshop training. Analyses found no significant differences between intervention groups in any process-of-care endpoints (primary endpoint AOR (CI) = 1.18 (0.74, 1.89). Furthermore, pre-post changes were not significant for any endpoints (primary endpoint AOR (CI) = 1.16 (0.92, 1.46). Analyses may have been limited by high baseline values on key endpoints with little room for improvement. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest the clinical effectiveness of palliative care educational intervention was not dependent on which of the two implementation methods was used. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02383173.

The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on care of women with ectopic pregnancy in a tertiary London hospital.

BACKGROUND: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, a central London tertiary referral hospital's nurse-led Early Pregnancy & Acute Gynaecology Unit (EPAGU) suspended its walk-in service in favour of a telephone triage system with scheduled appointments. OBJECTIVE: To assess if the pandemic and this adaptation to clinical services had an impact on the presentation, management and complication rate of ectopic pregnancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of ectopic pregnancies diagnosed in the EPAGU between 5th of March 2020 - 15th of July 2020 (pandemic) and 5th of March 2019 - 15th of July 2019 (pre-pandemic). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Ultrasound findings, patient demographics, serum hCG concentrations, operative findings and complications. RESULTS: There was a 36% reduction in attendances to the unit during the pandemic. Allowing for this, there was no significant difference in the diagnosis rate between the two periods. There was no significant difference in the gestation at diagnosis, serum hCG concentration or volume of mass at presentation. There was also no significant difference in rate of surgical intervention or complications including rupture of fallopian tube, haemoperitoneum or need for blood transfusion. CONCLUSION: This study suggests this is a safe means of caring for women with ectopic pregnancies which does not limit management options nor lead to higher complication rates. WHAT IS NEW: Other EPAGUs may choose to adopt a telephone triage system with reassurance of its safety.

Influence of microfabrication on digital PCR performance in bead-based microwell array assays.

Digital PCR (dPCR) is a highly sensitive analytical technique used to quantify DNA targets. Detection sensitivity can be further enhanced by capturing target sequences onto beads for preconcentration and sample cleanup prior to analysis in microfluidic microwell arrays. However, robust digital analysis requires individual beads to be interrogated within individual wells. Fabricating microwells with dimensions ≤ 3 µm is challenging, and the high surface area-to-volume ratio of the wells leaves PCR susceptible to inhibition stemming from materials used during device processing. This report describes the development of a microfabrication procedure to create ultralow-volume wells (100 fL) for bead-based dPCR and characterize the effects of microprocessing materials on assay performance. Standard microfabrication protocols used for creating microelectronics resulted in devices with nanoscopic debris originating from photoresists used during processing. A model dPCR assay was developed to characterize the effects of this debris, which revealed variable PCR inhibition. Debris within microwells attenuated digital and analog assay signals to a greater extent than debris on the device surface. Spatial heterogeneity of debris across devices was quantified to characterize regional PCR inhibition and intra- and inter-device variability. Ultimately, a fabrication procedure was developed to create pristine microfluidic arrays using dual processes to remove positive resist and forgoing use of negative resist entirely, which enabled robust amplification with digital signals matching theoretical predictions. Results from this work catalog the unique performance artifacts from device microfabrication and provide a guide for future studies seeking to conduct robust, high-sensitivity bead-based dPCR assays. Graphical abstract.

"Online Training Is Great but Human Interaction Is Better": Training Preferences of VA Interdisciplinary Palliative Care Consult Teams.

A growing body of research has examined modalities for delivering palliative care education; however, we know little about education and training preferences of VA interdisciplinary Palliative Care Consult Teams (PCCT). In the BEACON II study, we explored training preferences of PCCTs from 46 Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs) participating in either a multisite webinar or a small group, in-person workshop. We interviewed participants by telephone seven to eight month post-training. In all, 75.9% preferred in-person education and training, including 78.9% of workshop participants and 73.1% of webinar participants. Respondents described in-person training as fostering learning through the following processes: (1) active engagement and focus, (2) interaction and networking, (3) meaning-making and relevance, and (4) reciprocity and commitment. Although it is not possible for Web-based palliative care education programs to replicate all aspects of the in-person learning experience, building experiential, interactive, meaningful, and reciprocal components into Web-based education may help shift preferences and make interdisciplinary team-based palliative care education accessible to a larger audience.

Community-Based Conversations about Advance Care Planning for Underserved Populations Using Lay Patient Navigators.

Background: Widespread community engagement in advance care planning (ACP) is needed to overcome barriers to ACP implementation. Objective: Develop, implement, and evaluate a model for community-based ACP in rural populations with low English language fluency and health care access using lay patient navigators. Design: A statewide initiative to improve ACP setting/subjects-trained in a group session approach, bilingual patient navigators facilitated 1-hour English and Spanish ACP sessions discussing concerns about choosing a surrogate decision maker and completing an advance directive (AD). Participants received bilingual informational materials, including Frequently Asked Questions, an AD in English or Spanish, and Goal Setting worksheet. Measurement: Participants completed a program evaluation and 4-item ACP Engagement Survey (ACP-4) postsession. Results: For 18 months, 74 ACP sessions engaged 1034 participants in urban, rural, and frontier areas of the state; 39% were ethnically diverse, 69% female. A nurse or physician co-facilitated 49% of sessions. Forty-seven percent of participants completed an ACP-4 with 29% planning to name a decision maker in the next 6 months and 21% in the next 30 days; 31% were ready to complete an AD in the next 6 months and 22% in the next 30 days. Evaluations showed 98% were satisfied with sessions. Thematic analysis of interviews with facilitators highlighted barriers to delivering an ACP community-based initiative, strategies used to build community buy-in and engagement, and ways success was measured. Conclusion: Patient navigators effectively engaged underserved and ethnically diverse rural populations in community-based settings. This model can be adapted to improve ACP in other underserved populations.

Interprofessional Master of Science in Palliative Care: On Becoming a Palliative Care Community Specialist.

Background: Palliative care (PC) is a limited resource in health care systems. Many providers develop a PC interest later in their careers when it is difficult to relocate and compete for a limited number of training positions. In communities without an academic tertiary medical center, interprofessional PC community specialists are poised to deliver high-quality accessible PC to patients/families with needs beyond what can be addressed by primary care providers. Objective: An interprofessional 36-credit Master of Science in Palliative Care (MSPC) provides evidence-based education to nurses, pharmacists, physicians, physician assistants, social workers, spiritual care providers, psychologists, counselors, and other allied health professionals. Design: The predominantly online curriculum, designed and taught by an interprofessional faculty, focuses on interdisciplinary teamwork, communication skills, and practical application of biomedical and psycho-sociocultural-spiritual-ethics content. The pedagogy is narrative based, emulating in-person clinical experiences, with patient cases progressing throughout the curriculum. We have enrolled four student cohorts. Measurements: Student self-assessments pre-mid-post program. Results: Students highly rate curriculum with demonstrated application of knowledge in case integration assignments, simulations with standardized patients, and Capstone Projects. Students' self-assessed skills on a 39-item scale increased on average to the highest level of 5 (able to perform independently and teach others). Conclusions: The inaugural student cohort reports high levels of engagement and satisfaction, including mastery and synthesis of didactic and experiential content through case integration projects. Students who worked in PC/hospice settings have advanced in their professions; others have transitioned to PC work. The MSPC has capacity to meet projected PC workforce gaps.

The Relationship of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder to End-of-life Care Received by Dying Veterans: a Secondary Data Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be exacerbated by subsequent trauma, but it is unclear if symptoms are worsened by impending death. PTSD symptoms, including hyperarousal, negative mood and thoughts, and traumatic re-experiencing, can impact end-of-life symptoms, including pain, mood, and poor sleep. Thus, increased symptoms may lead to increased end-of-life healthcare utilization. OBJECTIVES: To determine if veterans with PTSD have increased end-of-life healthcare utilization or medication use and to examine predictors of medication administration. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a stepped-wedge design implementation trial to improve end-of-life care for Veterans Affairs (VA) inpatients. Outcome variables were collected via direct chart review. Analyses included hierarchical, generalized estimating equation models, clustered by medical center. SUBJECTS: Veterans, inpatient at one of six VA facilities, dying between 2005 and 2011. MAIN MEASURES: Emergency room (ER) visits, hospitalizations, and medication administration in the last 7 days of life. KEY RESULTS: Of 5341 veterans, 468 (8.76%) had PTSD. Of those, 21.4% (100/468) had major depression and 36.5% (171/468) had anxiety. Veterans with PTSD were younger (mean age 65.4 PTSD, 70.5 no PTSD, p < 0.0001) and had more VA hospitalizations and ER visits in the last 12 months of life (admissions: PTSD 2.8, no PTSD 2.4, p < 0.0001; ER visits: 3.2 vs 2.5, p < 0.0001). PTSD was associated with antipsychotic administration (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.06-2.18). Major depression (333/5341, 6.2%) was associated with opioid administration (OR 1.348, 95% CI 1.129-1.609) and benzodiazepines (OR 1.489, 95% CI 1.141-1.943). Anxiety disorders (778/5341, 14.6%) were only associated with benzodiazepines (OR 1.598, 95% CI 1.194-2.138). CONCLUSIONS: PTSD's association with increased end-of-life healthcare utilization and increased antipsychotic administration in the final days of life suggests increased symptom burden and potential for terminal delirium in individuals with PTSD. Understanding the burden of psychiatric illness and potential risks for delirium may facilitate the end-of-life care for these patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT00234286.

The key challenges of discussing end-of-life stroke care with patients and families: a mixed-methods electronic survey of hospital and community healthcare professionals.

BACKGROUND: Communication between professionals, patients and families about palliative and end-of-life care after stroke is complex and there is a need for educational resources in this area. METHODS: To explore the key learning needs of healthcare professionals, a multidisciplinary, expert group developed a short electronic survey with open and closed questions, and then distributed it to six UK multiprofessional networks and two groups of local clinicians. RESULTS: A total of 599 healthcare professionals responded. Educational topics that were either definitely or probably needed were: ensuring consistent messages to families and patients (88%); resolving conflicts among family members (83%); handling unrealistic expectations (88%); involving families in discussions without them feeling responsible for decisions (82%); discussion of prognostic uncertainties (79%); likely mode of death (72%); and oral feeding for 'comfort' in patients at risk of aspiration (71%). The free-text responses (n = 489) and 82 'memorable' cases identified similar themes. CONCLUSION: Key topics of unmet need for education in end-of-life care in stroke have been identified and these have influenced the content of an open access, web-based educational resource.