DISEASES OF PERIODONTAL TISSUES: MODERN CHALLENGES OF THE TIME.

The purpose of the study - to review the scientific literature over the past 5-10 years on the prevalence, risk factors and current problems in the treatment of periodontal diseases, especially periodontitis of medium and complex degree. A search and analysis of open sources of literature in the Wiley Library, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases over the past five years (2018-2023) was carried out. Sources describing the epidemiology, etiology, features of the course in combination with somatic diseases, as well as a modern approach to prophylaxis and treatment of periodontitis were selected and analyzed. Periodontitis is an inflammatory and dystrophic disease that occurs due to general and local factors against the background of a decrease in the reactivity of the body. Frequency of occurrence of chronic inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues (CVZTP) in the adult population reached 98%. With regard to the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal tissue diseases, a polyetiological cause should be noted and requires long-term treatment and monitoring, as well as early diagnosis and an integrated approach. Summarizing the above review of the literature, we tend to believe that the study of the problem of periodontitis development is of a medical and social nature and requires the search for managerial solutions to improve the quality of dental services, as well as the introduction of a multidisciplinary approach at the stage of early diagnosis. Predictor of the development of periodontitis, respectively, and evaluation of preventive examination by a dentist, it is relevant to take into account comorbidity in this pathology in each patient, as well as the involvement of clinical microbiologists in order to identify cause-and-effect relationships and to correct the choice of timing and types of treatment.

ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN YOUNG PERSONS.

In terms of morbidity and mortality, cardiovascular illnesses are the main cause of death worldwide. Half of all noncommunicable diseases on the earth are caused by them. Due to the steadily rising mortality rates from circulatory diseases in Kazakhstan, our region was identified as having a high cardiovascular risk in 2021 when the updated Score 2 (Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation) scale was developed. There has been a recent increase in this pathology's prevalence among younger people (up to 44 years). In this regard, a large number of scholars are engaged in active research into the variables that affect the onset of coronary heart disease in this population, particularly its acute forms, which frequently mark the onset of the disease in this age group. The research of international experts supports the impact of classic risk factors such arterial hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, inactivity, and loaded anamnesis on the early development of atherosclerosis. The Fourth Universal Definition distinguishes five different forms of myocardial infarction, and if the first type is directly linked to atherogenesis, the second type develops as a result of ischemia imbalance in the absence of coronary artery obstructive lesions. There are currently no definite, widely acknowledged standards for the identification and management of type 2 myocardial infarction. Thereby there was a need to research the impact of additional risk factors, such as subclinical systemic inflammation, genetic polymorphism of genes involved in lipid metabolism, thrombosis, and responsible for the development of endothelial dysfunction, given the differences in the pathogenetic mechanisms of different types of myocardial infarction. It's still up for debate whether comorbidity has any impact on the frequency of early cardiovascular events in the population of young individuals. Aim is to study international approach in an assessment of risk factors of the development of myocardial infarction at young population. The review used content analysis on the research topic, national guidelines, WHO recommendations. The electronic databases Pubmed, eLibrary from 1999 to 2022 were used as sources of information. The search was conducted on the keywords «myocardial infarction¼, «infarction in young¼, «risk factors¼ and MeSH terms «myocardial infarction/etiology¼, «myocardial infarction/young¼, «myocardial infarction/risk factors¼. Of the 50 sources found, 37 corresponded to the research request. This field of scientific study is one of the most important today because of the prevalence of formation and poor prognosis of non-atherothrombogenic myocardial infarctions, compared with type 1 infarcts. Numerous foreign and domestic authors have been motivated to look for new markers of the early onset of coronary heart disease, develop adequate risk stratification algorithms, and create efficient primary and secondary prevention strategies at the level of primary healthcare and hospitals as a result of the high mortality and disability rates in this age group that are a significant economic and social problem.

[ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF PATIENTS AFTER CHOLECYSTECTOMY].

Assessment of the quality of life (QOL) in modern medicine takes an important role, and can also provide a comprehensive evaluation of the patient's health status. The article presents the data of our own research evaluating the QOL of patients after cholecystectomy for a period of 0.7 to 4.1 years. The patients were interviewed using the international questionnaire - GastrointestinalQualityofLifeIndex (GIQLI). QOLs were evaluated depending on factors such as postoperative time, type of hospitalization, sex, age, marital status, changes in the gallbladder structure, activity, duration of hospitalization, and the type of surgical access. As a result of the research, it was determined that the increase in the QOL index correlates with the period elapsed since the surgery. Positive effects on QOL were influenced by such factors as patients' staying with the family, the planned of cholecystectomy (vs. urgent surgery), laparatomic surgical access, age and sex. QOL also proved to be higher in patients with chronic changes in the gallbladder.

[Laboratory diagnosis of pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae]. / Laboratornaia diagnostika pnevmonii, étiologicheski obuslovlennykh M. pneumoniae .

The authors demonstrated the possibility to use the technique of counter current immunoelectrophoresis, enzyme immunoassay and passive hemagglutination tests with antibody erythrocytic diagnosticum for the rapid laboratory diagnosis of Mycoplasma infection. The rapid diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumonias turned to be possible due to the detection of antigen and antibodies to M. pneumoniae in the circulation with the help of counter current immunoelectrophoresis.

[Microbiologic and histomorphologic characteristics of experimental Mycoplasma-pneumococcus infection]. / Mikrobiologicheskaia i gistomorfologicheskaia kharakteristika éksperimental'noi mikoplazma-pnevmokokkovoi infektsii.

The specific features of the development of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in mice have been studied in cases of mixed and monoinfections. As shown in this study, mixed infection is characterized by the mutual inhibition of the proliferation of both pneumococci and mycoplasmae in the lungs, the liver and the spleen of the animals, while the associative interaction of these infective agents in isolated mouse lung tissue is characterized by the inhibition of pneumococcal proliferation only. In mixed infection the early activation of cells of the immunocompetent system is observed, which is accompanied by the development of mainly cell-mediated immune processes manifested as delayed hypersensitivity with the late formation of fibrillogenesis. During the development of mixed mycoplasmal-pneumococcal infection the histopathology of mycoplasmal infection prevails, which is probably due to the early formation of delayed hypersensitivity to M. pneumoniae in the animals.

[Accelerated laboratory diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia]. / Uskorennaia laboratornaia diagnostika bakterial'nykh pnevmonii.

The effectiveness of countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) used for the accelerated differential diagnosis of pneumococcal, staphylococcal, mycoplasmal and Legionella infections in cases of pneumonia has been shown. The presence of correlation between the results obtained in the bacterial study of sputa and bronchial washings and in CIE has been revealed, which gives grounds for recommending CIE for the accelerated diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia on the basis of the analysis of sputa, bronchial washings and blood sera obtained from patients. In Legionella infection the passive hemagglutination test with antigenic diagnostica has proved to be more effective for accelerated diagnosis than CIE.

[Etiological structure of pneumonias in children and adults]. / Etiologicheskaia struktura pnevmonii u detei i vzroslykh.

The bacteriological study of sputa, nasopharyngeal smears and bronchial washings taken from pneumonia patients has shown that the leading etiological agent was Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in the diagnostic titre (10(7) bacteria per ml) in 78.1% of the cases. Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, enterobacteria and yeast-like fungi have been found to play an insignificant role in the etiology of acute pneumonia (2.5 +/- +/- 0.9%). The results of the serological diagnosis by means of the complement fixation test have revealed that, alongside S. pneumoniae, the following infective agents are of etiological importance in cases of acute pneumonia: respiratory viruses (more than 50%), Mycoplasma pneumonia (10%), Chlamydia psittaci (6.4%) and Legionella pneumophila (3.8%). The study has first revealed that, under the conditions of Alma-Ata, serotypes 19, 23, 8 and 4 prevail among circulating pneumococci. This study has also shown that the use of M. pneumoniae antibody erythrocyte diagnosticum enhances the detection rate of mycoplasma infections in pneumonia patients.