Knowledge, attitudes, and screening practices among older men regarding prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVES: This study determined population-based rates of reported prostate cancer screening and assessed prostate cancer-related knowledge, attitudes, and screening practices among men in New York aged 50 years and older. METHODS: Two telephone surveys were conducted. One was included in the 1994 and 1995 statewide Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System interviews, and the other was a community-level survey that targeted Black men (African-American Men Survey). Prevalence estimates were computed for each survey, and prostate cancer screening practices were assessed with logistic regression models. RESULTS: Overall, fewer than 10% of the men in each survey perceived their prostate cancer risk to be high; almost 20% perceived no risk of developing the disease. Approximately 60% of the men in each survey reported ever having had a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test. In both surveys, physician advice was significantly associated with screening with a PSA test or a digital rectal examination. Also, race was significantly associated with screening in the statewide survey. CONCLUSIONS: Many New York men appear to be unaware of risk factors for prostate cancer. However, a substantial percentage reported having been screened for the disease; physician advice may have been a major determining factor in their decision to be tested.

Modelling and analysis of time-lags in some basic patterns of cell proliferation.

In this paper, we present a systematic approach for obtaining qualitatively and quantitatively correct mathematical models of some biological phenomena with time-lags. Features of our approach are the development of a hierarchy of related models and the estimation of parameter values, along with their non-linear biases and standard deviations, for sets of experimental data. We demonstrate our method of solving parameter estimation problems for neutral delay differential equations by analyzing some models of cell growth that incorporate a time-lag in the cell division phase. We show that these models are more consistent with certain reported data than the classic exponential growth model. Although the exponential growth model provides estimates of some of the growth characteristics, such as the population-doubling time, the time-lag growth models can additionally provide estimates of: (i) the fraction of cells that are dividing, (ii) the rate of commitment of cells to cell division, (iii) the initial distribution of cells in the cell cycle, and (iv) the degree of synchronization of cells in the (initial) cell population.

Design, synthesis, and conformational analysis of a novel series of HIV protease inhibitors.

A combination of structure-based design and both solution, and solid-phase synthesis were utilized to derive a potent (nM) series of HIV-1 protease inhibitors bearing a structurally novel backbone. Detailed structural analysis of several inhibitors prepared in this series has suggested that rigidification of the P1/P2 region of this class of molecules may result in compounds with improved potency.

Design and synthesis of novel conformationally restricted HIV protease inhibitors.

A set of HIV protease inhibitors represented by compound 2 has previously been described. Structural and conformational analysis of this compound suggested that conformational restriction of the P1/P2 portion of the molecule could lead to a novel set of potent protease inhibitors. Thus, probe compounds 3-7 were designed, synthesized, and found to be potent inhibitors of HIV protease.

Cloning and expression of an adhesin antigen of Streptococcus sanguis G9B in Escherichia coli.

A genomic library of Streptococcus sanguis, strain G9B, was constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli using a lambda gt11 expression vector. The amplified library was probed with polyclonal anti-G9B IgG and 13 antigen-positive clones were isolated. A lysate of one clone, designated PP39, absorbed the adhesion-inhibitory activity of anti-G9B IgG. This clone contained an insert of approximately 2000 bp and expressed unique 200 and 53 kDa proteins that reacted with monospecific anti-adhesin antibody. The 200 kDa protein also reacted with anti-beta-galactosidase IgG, indicating that it is a fusion protein of which 84 kDa represents the streptococcal adhesin. The 84 and 53 kDa proteins are similar in size to the major polypeptides in a streptococcal antigen complex which is associated with the adhesion of G9B to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. The 53 kDa fragment may result from post-translational cleavage of the recombinant polypeptide.

Characterization of an adhesion antigen of Streptococcus sanguis G9B.

An antigen possessing the attributes of an adhesion has been identified in Streptococcus sanguis G9B. Cell surface components were extracted from G9B and a spontaneously occurring nonadherent mutant of G9B, strain Adh-, with a 2 mM barbital buffer, pH 8.6. The extract of G9B but not of Adh- absorbed more than 80% of the adhesion-inhibitory activity of anti-G9B immunoglobulin G (IgG). Immunoblots revealed 80- and 52-kilodalton (kDa) antigens present in the G9B extract but not in the Adh- extract. Absorption of anti-G9B IgG with Adh- and G9B barbital extracts showed a correlation between the loss of the 80- and 52-kDa antibodies and the loss of adhesion-inhibitory activity. An antibody prepared against the 80-kDa antigen excised from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels recognized the 80- and 52-kDa antigens and another antigen of 62 kDa but did not inhibit adhesion. However, an antibody from an electroblot containing the native protein from which the 80-kDa and related antigens were derived (the 80-kDa antigen complex) inhibited adhesion to the same extent as anti-G9B IgG. Periodate oxidation of the G9B barbital extract modified the 80-kDa antigen complex and resulted in the loss of 40% of its absorbing activity. The barbital extract also contained an endogenous enzyme responsible for producing the 62- and 52-kDa antigens from the 80-kDa protein and which, under optimal conditions, degraded the antigen completely, resulting in the loss of antibody-absorbing activity. The 80-kDa antigen complex has a molecular mass of more than 200 kDa in native polyacrylamide gels and a pI of 4.1 to 4.8. These observations suggest that the adhesion antigen in S. sanguis G9B is a large glycoprotein from which an 80-kDa antigen complex is derived.

Streptococcus sanguis surface antigens and their interactions with saliva.

Saliva-binding molecules of Streptococcus sanguis and their receptors were investigated. Streptococcal cell surfaces were extracted with a barbital buffer and examined immunochemically. Strains G9B and Blackburn, which adhere specifically to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite via immunologically related adhesins, possess 80-, 62-, and 52-kilodalton (kDa), and 52-, 42-, and 29-kDa polypeptides, respectively, which correlate with adhesion to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. Nonadherent strains Adh- and M-5 lack these antigens. In an immunoblot overlay, the putative adhesins bound to a 73-kDa receptor present in submandibular saliva but not in parotid saliva. G9B also contains a 160-kDa surface protein which bound to an unidentified receptor in both submandibular and parotid saliva samples. Blackburn barbital-extracted components bound to 78- and 70-kDa receptors in parotid saliva. These bacterial-salivary interactions may be important in the regulation of oral ecology.