Perception of Oral Health and Practices among Children Residing in Orphanages in Bengaluru.

Background: Children residing in orphanages often have accumulated oral health needs as they are unaware of the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene. Due to financial constraints, the provision of oral health care is often neglected. Aims and Objectives: This study attempts to assess the perception of oral health and practices among children residing in orphanages in Bengaluru. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 269 inmates, which assessed their perception and practices concerning oral health. Results: The self-assessment and practices of the study participants varied significantly. The proportion of substance abuse was very low, and the oral hygiene practices of the majority of participants were good. Conclusion: Interventions need to be undertaken to improve and reinforce oral health awareness among the study participants.

Tobacco Cessation Behavior Among Smoking and Smokeless Form Tobacco Users in the Indigenous Population of Ernakulam, India.

PURPOSE: Tobacco usage is the leading preventable cause of death in the world today. The tribes in Kuttampuzha region are the aboriginal tribal community found predominantly in the south Indian state of Kerala, India, and this study was conducted to identify tobacco cessation behavior in smoking and smokeless form of tobacco users among them. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional design survey was conducted among 516 indigenous community people of Kuttampuzha area of Kerala, India, for the outcome of quit attempts made by the current tobacco users. The sociodemographic variables and tobacco user data collected were subjected to statistical analysis using Open Source R Software. RESULTS: When considered the quit attempts among current smoking and smokeless form of tobacco users, a statistically significant difference was found in subjects who had quit attempts of 1 day or longer in the previous year (P = 0.01) than who were in groups of quit attempts more than 30 days or more than 6 months. Smokers had higher probability predicted of attempting quitting in comparison to smokeless form of tobacco users (odds ratio [OR] = 1.24, confidence interval [CI] = 1.09-1.39). The probability of doing a quit attempt was higher among users of tobacco who were having a comparatively higher socioeconomic status (OR = 1.30, CI = 1.12-1.48). CONCLUSION: This study provides useful insights into different determinants for quit attempts of tobacco users in South India, exploring the sociodemographic features of attempts to quit. International prevention and cessation initiatives will need to be customized to the social-cultural context of these primitive tribal areas of Kuttampuzha, Kerala, to help in prevention and cessation of tobacco usage.

Screening in Public Health and Clinical Care: Similarities and Differences in Definitions, Types, and Aims - A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: The concept of screening can be many times misleading to many people. This may be partly due to the way screening is described and explained in textbooks and journal articles. AIM: To review prominent public health and epidemiology textbooks, dictionaries, and relevant journal publications for definitions and examples of screening, with the aim of identifying common usages and concepts, as well as sources of potential confusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Commonly available epidemiology and public health textbooks and peer reviewed journals were searched for definitions and examples of screening. The search located seven journal articles, 10 textbooks, and one dictionary. The search platforms used were Pubmed, BIOSIS, EMBASE, Medline-OVID and Scopus under the Epidemiology and Biostatics subject head listed with Life Sciences. RESULTS: Descriptions of screening give varying emphasis to whether it is a test or a program, the aims of screening, the setting in which it is conducted, eligibility criteria, who initiates and who is intended to benefit and whether the condition being screened is an infectious or chronic disease or a risk-elevated state. Four essentially different 'types' of screening are described, using seven terms and occasionally contradictory examples. The detection of asymptomatic infectious cases is gradually changing from screening to surveillance as part of infection control. CONCLUSION: Voluntary screening programs rely on high participation to be effective and support and trust of the public are essential for the continued success of the public health profession. Consistent terminology is important for patients, providers and policymakers to understand what screening is and is not. Clear definitions are needed if we are to evaluate and communicate the risks and benefits of screening in public health.

New 10-membered inorganic heterocyclic diphosphanes, PhN(PX)(2)[(-OC(6)H(2)((T)Bu)(2))(mu-S)(((t)Bu)(2)C(6)H(2)O-)] (x = cl, f). Synthesis and transition metal complexes (molybdenum(0), ruthenium(II), palladium(II), and platinum(II)) of heterocyclic diphosphanes. crystal and molecular structures of the chloro derivative, PhN(PCl)(2)[(-OC(6)H(2)((t)Bu)(2))(mu-S)(((t)Bu)(2)C(6)H(2)O-)], and of a molybdenum(0) complex of the fluoro derivative, [Mo(CO)(3)[eta(3)-PhN(PF)(2)[(-OC(6)H(2)((t)Bu)(2))(mu-S)(((t)Bu)(2)C(6)H(2)O-)]-kappa P,kappa P,kappa S]].

Bis(dichlorophosphino)aniline, PhN(PCl(2))(2), reacts with stoichiometric amounts of 2,2'-thiobis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol) to afford a 10-membered heterocycle, PhN(PCl)(2)[(-OC(6)H(2)((t)Bu)(2))(mu-S)(((t))Bu)(2)C(6)H(2)O-)] (1), in high yield. The structure of the heterocycle has been determined by a single-crystal X-ray analysis. The 10-membered heterocycle 1 reacts with SbF(3) to afford the corresponding fluoro derivative 2 in good yield. The compounds 1 and 2 act as tridentate ligands with molybdenum carbonyl derivatives, forming complexes of the type [Mo(CO)(3)[eta(3)-PhN(PX)(2)[(-OC(6)H(2)((t)Bu)(2))(mu-S)(((t)Bu)(2)C(6)H(2)O-)]-kappa P,kappa P,kappa S]] (3 X = Cl, 4 X = F). A crystal structure of the fluoro derivative 4 showed the facial tricarbonyl complex comprising a relatively strain-free tetracyclic structure with molybdenum in an octahedral environment; the two phosphorus and the sulfur centers were the donor atoms. Compound 2 readily reacts with Ru(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II) derivatives to form chelate complexes, demonstrating the eta(2) mode of coordination.

New silylated iminophosphorano(amino)phosphines Me(3)SiN=PPh(2)N(R)PPh(2) (R = Et, (n)Pr, (n)Bu). Crystal and molecular structure of trimethylsilyliminophosphorano(propylamino)diphenylphosphine Me(3)SiN=PPh(2)N((n)Pr)PPh(2). Further oxidative derivatization with S, Se, and azides, titanium(IV) transmetalation of the imine, and syntheses of rhodium(I), palladium(II), and platinum(II) complexes of these iminophosphorano(amino)phosphines.

Bis(phosphino)amines Ph(2)PN(R)PPh(2) (R = Et, (n)Pr, (n)Bu) react with stoichiometric amounts of trimethylsilyl azide to give the trimethylsilyliminophosphorano(amino)phosphines Me(3)SiN=PPh(2)N(R)PPh(2) (1, R = Et; 2, R = (n)Pr; 3, R = (n)Bu) as crystalline compounds. The structure of 2 has been determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. (Crystal data for 2: monoclinic, P2(1)/c, a = 10.235(1) A, b = 16.802(2) A, c = 17.075(2) A, beta = 101.05(1) degrees, V = 2882.9(5) A(3), Z = 4.) The structure of 2, which is the first example of an iminophosphoranophosphine with the P(III)-N-P(V)=N skeleton, was solved by direct methods and refined to R = 0.044. Compound 2 readily reacts with elemental sulfur, selenium, or phosphoryl azide to give fully oxidized phosphinimines Ph(2)P(E)N((n)()Pr)Ph(2)P=NSiMe(3) (4, E = S; 5, E = Se; 6, E = NP(O)(OPh)(2)). Compounds 4-6 are very sensitive to moisture and readily undergo desilylation to give the parent phosphinimines Ph(2)P(E)N((n)()Pr)Ph(2)P=NH, which can be isolated as moderately stable crystalline solids. The phosphiniminophosphine 2 and the oxidized phosphinimines (4 and 5) react with CpTiCl(3) to give new nitrogen-bound Ti(IV) derivatives Ph(2)P(E)N((n)Pr)Ph(2)P=NTi(Cp)Cl(2) (10, E = lone pair; 11, E = S; 12, E = Se). Compounds 1-3 readily react with rhodium(I), palladium(II), and platinum(II) complexes to give five-membered metallacycles via phosphorus(III) and imine nitrogen coordination.