Comprehensive mapping of the exterior architecture of the dromedary camel brain.

The morphological perspective of the camel brain remains largely unexplored. Therefore, studying the topography of the camel brain is of crucial importance. This study aimed to provide a detailed color-coded topographic representation of the camel brain's gross anatomy and nomenclature, showing its various gyri and sulci and their borders. We compared them to previously known information to develop a detailed description of camel brain exterior architecture. Our research identified distinctive gyri and sulci with discrete positions and surrounding structures, allowing us to define sulci boundaries and establish logical gyri nomenclature. This study uncovered previously overlooked gyri and sulci and improved descriptions of specific sulci. The ectomarginal sulcus, splenial sulcus, splenial gyrus, and ectogenual gyrus are a few examples. These findings highlight several unique anatomical features of the dromedary brain, which can guide future research. By providing a comprehensive examination of the distinctive exterior anatomical features of the camel brain, this study may serve as a point of convergence for all researchers, providing more accurate identification of the gyri and sulci.

Comprehensive anatomical study of meningeal arteries in dromedaries.

This study provides a detailed, in-depth analysis of the anatomy, topography, and branching patterns of the meningeal arteries in dromedary camels, a subject that has not previously been thoroughly studied in animals, providing insight into the intricate biological adaptations that allow them to survive in harsh environments. By precisely examining 20 heads obtained from freshly slaughtered dromedaries, we revealed the origins and topologies of the rostral, middle, and caudal meningeal arteries using advanced casting techniques for precise rendering. Our findings indicate that the rostral meningeal artery derives from the external ethmoidal artery and primarily supplies the rostrodorsal region of the frontal lobe. The middle meningeal artery provides blood to approximately two-thirds of the brain meninges. The caudal meningeal artery is derived from the occipital artery and supplies the meninges covering the cerebellum, caudal part of the falx cerebri, and tentorium cerebelli. Significantly, our study revealed the presence of accessory branches originating from the rostral epidural rete mirabile, a finding not previously described in the existing literature. These branches supply the meninges of the frontal and lateral regions of the frontal lobes. This novel study advances our understanding of the meningeal arteries in dromedaries and has significant implications for advancements in veterinary neuroscience.

Mapping the branching pattern of the middle cerebral artery in the camel (Camelus dromedarius): a comprehensive anatomical analysis.

The complex branching structure of the middle cerebral artery serves as a crucial component in the blood supply to the cerebral cortex, playing a key role in sustaining brain function and overall neurological health in mammals. A thorough understanding of the branching structure of the middle cerebral artery is required for the advancement of veterinary medicine and neuroscience research. In this study, we provide the first comprehensive anatomical analysis of the branching structure of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in the dromedary brain. To date, no study has examined the MCA branches in dromedaries. By examining 80 cerebral hemispheres from freshly slaughtered male dromedary camels aged 2-6 years, we aimed to explain the origin, course, and branching patterns of the MCA in the dromedary camel. Advanced casting techniques using colored latex, epoxy paint, and liquid plastic have been used to create precise renderings of the MCA structure. Our findings revealed that the MCA is the principal branch of the rostral cerebral artery and serves as the primary blood supply to the telencephalon in dromedaries. The main trunk of the MCA splits into several cortical branches, each supplying blood to a specific cerebral hemisphere. These branches comprise the rostral and caudal olfactory arteries; orbital artery; superior, middle, and inferior frontal arteries; rostral, middle, and caudal parietal arteries; and dorsal, middle, and ventral temporal arteries. This groundbreaking work considerably advances our understanding of the dromedary cerebrovascular system by providing insightful information on the anatomy and topography of the MCA. Our findings open new avenues for advancements in veterinary medicine and neuroscience research, with potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders in dromedary camels. Furthermore, understanding the unique branching pattern of the MCA may have implications for comparative neuroanatomy and the evolution of cerebrovascular systems across species.

Cloning and sequence analysis of a partial CDS of leptospiral ligA gene in pET-32a - Escherichia coli DH5α system.

AIM: This study aims at cloning, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of a partial CDS of ligA gene in pET-32a - Escherichia coli DH5α system, with the objective of identifying the conserved nature of the ligA gene in the genus Leptospira. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A partial CDS (nucleotide 1873 to nucleotide 3363) of the ligA gene was amplified from genomic DNA of Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR-amplified DNA was cloned into pET-32a vector and transformed into competent E. coli DH5α bacterial cells. The partial ligA gene insert was sequenced and the nucleotide sequences obtained were aligned with the published ligA gene sequences of other Leptospira serovars, using nucleotide BLAST, NCBI. Phylogenetic analysis of the gene sequence was done by maximum likelihood method using Mega 6.06 software. RESULTS: The PCR could amplify the 1491 nucleotide sequence spanning from nucleotide 1873 to nucleotide 3363 of the ligA gene and the partial ligA gene could be successfully cloned in E. coli DH5α cells. The nucleotide sequence when analyzed for homology with the reported gene sequences of other Leptospira serovars was found to have 100% homology to the 1910 bp to 3320 bp sequence of ligA gene of L. interrogans strain Kito serogroup Canicola. The predicted protein consisted of 470 aminoacids. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the ligA gene was conserved in L.interrogans species. CONCLUSION: The partial ligA gene could be successfully cloned and sequenced from E. coli DH5α cells. The sequence showed 100% homology to the published ligA gene sequences. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the conserved nature of the ligA gene. Further studies on the expression and immunogenicity of the partial LigA protein need to be carried out to determine its competence as a subunit vaccine candidate.